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What is Research?

Apr 03, 2019

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What is Research?. Research. Word has a broad spectrum of meanings “Research this topic on ….” “Years of research has produced a new ….”. What Research is Not. Not mere information gathering Computer Crime XML for Web Pages

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• manageable sub
• a research project checklist
• perfect designs
• specific research questions
• likely weaknesses

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Research • Word has a broad spectrum of meanings • “Research this topic on ….” • “Years of research has produced a new ….”

What Research is Not • Not mere information gathering • Computer Crime • XML for Web Pages • Not the mere transportation of facts from one location to the next • Computer Crime and Digital Signatures • XML versus HTML • Not merely rummaging for information

What Research Is • Originates with a question or a problem. • makes a difference, worthy, relevant • leads to new knowledge • builds on relevant existing knowledge • A clear articulation of a goal • What problem to you intend to solve? • And how do you propose to solve it?

What Research Is • Follows a specific plan or procedure • how you will reach your goal • Usually divided into manageable sub-problems • guided by a hypothesis • accepts certain critical assumptions • grounded in objective reality • the collection and interpretation of data

Scientific Research • Science is an objective, logical, and systematic method of analyzing phenomena, devised to permit the accumulation of reliable knowledge.. • Premises of science are • empiricism • objectivity • control • The product of science is knowledge

Scientific Research • The search for knowledge, with an open mind, to establish novel facts, usually using a scientific method. • basic research (as opposed to applied research) is discovering, interpreting, and the developing methods and systems for the advancement of knowledge in a given area. • Scientific Method: systematically observe, formulate hypotheses, define concepts, gather/analyze data, test/revise hypotheses, repeat, formulate theories, examines their logical consistency and subjects them to further empirical test.

What is Good Research? • Purpose clearly defined - scope, limitations are fully specified • Process detailed - can be repeated and except when secrecy is imposed reveal the sources of data and means by which they were obtained • Design thoroughly planned - make as objective as possible

What is Good Research? • High ethical standards applied • Limitations frankly revealed - there are very few perfect designs • adequate analysis - data classified to clearly reveal findings, probability of error should be estimated • findings presented unambiguously • conclusions justified

Research Life Cycle

Research Life Cycle • Definition • Exploratory research defines a new problem, new constraints, new opportunity, or a new approach. • This initial research must be guided by hypotheses that will later be further instantiated and specified. • Initial Solutions • Initial algorithms, designs, theorems, programs are developed. • Evaluation of Initial Solutions • Initial solutions are evaluated and refined in isolation. • Comparison of Solutions • Solutions are compared to one another and also to ideal solutions. • Technology Transfer • Best approaches are transferred to users.

Possible Research Results • a definition of a problem or task • a unit for solving a problem, performing a task • identification of factors influencing the cost, effectiveness, or applicability of a unit (and relative importance of the factors) • development of an ideal model • a finished unit that can be distributed to users • measurement of some properties of a unit: run time, chip area, representation requirements, • reliability, usability, etc. • identification of problems and shortcomings in a unit. • a demonstration that one unit is better than another. • a definition, demonstration or analysis of a tradeoff • a generative (explanatory) theory for some set of units

Possible Research Methods • writing programs • developing systems • developing architectures • developing content architectures (ontologies, knowledge bases, class libraries, graphics toolboxes, etc.) • measuring properties of units • finding and proving theorems • analyzing and consolidating previous research results • interviewing experts, customers • performing experiments, surveys, observations • Importing/adapting techniques and results from other fields • measuring and predicting constraints • writing papers, monographs, and textbooks

Research Project Phases • An individual research project (such as a Ph.D. dissertation) follows a lifecycle related to the research life cycle: • Choose research question/problem; formulate hypotheses • Determine current state of knowledge • Apply appropriate methods to produce research results • To verify the hypotheses • To evaluate the proposed solutions • Write up research results • Research is not complete until it is written up!

A Research Project Checklist (I) • Are ideas clear and consistent? • Is the problem worthy of investigation? • Does the project have appropriate scope? • What is the hypothesis • What are the specific research questions? • What would disprove the hypothesis? • What are the assumptions and are they “sensible”?

A Research Project Checklist (II) • Has the work/plan been critically assessed? Are you convinced that it is sound science? • What forms of evidence are to be used? • How are outcomes to be evaluated? Why are the selected methods appropriate or reasonable for verifying the hypothesis or evaluating the proposed solutions? • What are the likely weaknesses of your solutions?

A Research Project Checklist (III) • Is there a written research plan? • Have milestones, timelines, and deadlines been identified? • Do the deadlines leave enough time to receive feedback on the drafts and to allow colleagues to contribute? • Has the literature been adequately explored? Once the work is done – and your perspective has changed – does in need to be explored again?

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This document discusses research, including its meaning, objectives, characteristics, significance, and approaches. It defines research as a systematic, organized process of asking questions and gathering evidence to answer them. The objectives of research are to gain new insights and knowledge, accurately portray characteristics of individuals or groups, and test hypotheses. Characteristics include reliability, validity, accuracy, credibility, and generalizability. Research is significant as it encourages scientific thinking, aids in economic and business decision-making, and helps solve social problems. Different approaches to research include quantitative, inferential, experimental, simulation, and qualitative methods. Research methods refer to specific techniques for gathering data while research methodology explains the overall process. Read less

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• 2. CONTENTS 1. Meaning and Definition of Research 2. Objectives of Research 3. Characteristics of Research 4. Significance of Research 5. Business Research 6. Research Approaches 7. Research Methods Vs Research Methodology
• 3.  Research means search for knowledge.  It aims at finding out truth.  Art of Scientific investigation  Way of thinking, Critically examining aspects of daily life.  Fact finding process. A movement from the known to unknown.  Research is an Organised and Systematic way of Finding the Answers to Questions.
• 4. According to Clifford Woody (Kothari 1988) research comprises of , “Defining and redefining problems, formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions; collecting, organizing and evaluating data; making deductions and reaching conclusions; and at last carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the formulating hypothesis.”
• 5. In the Encyclopedia of Social Sciences, D. Slesinger and M. Stephension (1930) defined research as "the manipulation of things, concept or symbols for the purpose of generalizing to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that knowledge aids in construction of theory or in practice of an art". According to Redman and Mory (1923), defined research is a "systematized effort to gain new knowledge“.
• 6. 1. To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it 2. To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual, situation or a group 3. To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which it is associated with something else 4. To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables
• 7. Characteristics of Research 1. Reliabity 2. Validity 3. Accuracy 4. Credibility 5. Generalizability 6. Empirical 7. Systematic approach 8. Controlled
• 8. Significance of research (Importance or Use) famous Hudson Maxim, “All progress is born of inquiry. Doubt is often better than overconfidence, for it leads to inquiry, and inquiry leads to invention”  Research encourages scientific and inductive thinking, besides promoting the development of logical habits of thinking and organisation.
• 9. The role of research in applied economics in the context of an economics or business is greatly increasing in modern times Research assumes a significant role in the formulation of economic policy for both, the government and business Research is also necessary for collecting information on the social and economic structure of an economy to understand the process of change occurring in the country Research also assumes significance in solving various operational and planning problems associated with business and industry.  Research helps in solving social problems.
• 10. Business Research Business research is defined as ‘The systematic and objective process of collecting, recording, analyzing and interpreting data for aid in solving managerial problems’ Business aspect- Research issues Consumer behavior Buying habits, brand preference, consumer attitudes Human resources Employee attitudes, staff retention, material incentives Promotion Media research, public relations studies, product recall through advertising Product Test markets, concept studies, performance studies Finance Forecasting, budgeting, efficiency of accounting software
• 11. Research Approach. Research approach Quantitative Approach Inferential Approach Experimental Approach Simulation Approach Qualitative Approach
• 12. Research Methods Vs Research methodology Research Methods Research Methodology Research methods are the methods by which you conduct research into a subject or a topic. Research methodology explains the methods by which ,you may proceed with your research Research methods involve the conduct of experiments, tests, surveys and the like Research methodology involves the learning of the various techniques that can be used in the conduct of research and in the conduct of tests, experiments, surveys and critical studies. Research methods aim at finding solutions to research problems. Research methodology aims at the employment of the correct procedures to find out solutions.