how to write abstract for research paper ppt

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Writing Scientific Abstracts�

Abstract: What is the Purpose?

Scientific abstracts:

• introduce journal articles
• inform readers about the article’s content
• help readers decide whether or not to read article
• overview conference programs, abstract collections, and book chapters

Why Should I Know How to Write Abstracts?

• Helps you present complex information in a clear, concise manner
• Helps you read abstracts more effectively
• Helps you conduct research
• Helps you write abstracts for future publications
• Helps you condense report information into a short format for database searches

Qualities of an Effective Abstract

Effective Abstracts:

• Are one or more well-developed paragraphs, which are unified, coherent, concise, and able to stand alone (200-300 words)
• Use an introduction-body-conclusion structure in which the parts of the report are discussed in order: purpose, research questions, methods, findings, conclusions, recommendations
• Follow strictly the chronology of the report
• Add no new information - merely summarizes report
• Contain stand-alone qualities - the abstract can be understood without reading the paper
• Are intelligible to a wide audience

How Do I Write an Abstract?

Writing an Abstract:

• Remember that an abstract typically contains: topic, research question, methods, results, and conclusion .
• Read your paper in its entirety. Keep the above categories in mind and underline key points (outlined in #1) as you read.
• After you finish reading, create your abstract step-by-

step based on your underlined material.

Writing the Parts of My Abstract

Step-by-Step Process:

• Write 1-2 introduction sentences that explain topic, purpose, and research question(s).
• Write 1-2 sentences describing your research methods (this may also include the type of data analysis you used).
• Write 1-2 sentences describing the results / findings.
• Write 1-2 sentences containing your conclusions and recommendations.

Revising the Abstract

• Read your abstract all the way through:

- add transition words to tie ideas together,

- eliminate unnecessary content and add in

things that are missing,

- correct errors in mechanics, and proofread.

Example of a Scientific Abstract

Usability and User-Centered Theory for 21 st Century OWLs

By Dana Lynn Driscoll, H. Allen Brizee, Michael Salvo, and Morgan Sousa from The Handbook of Research on Virtual Workplaces and the New Nature of Business Practices . Eds. Kirk St. Amant and Pavel Zemlansky. Hershey, PA: Idea Group Publishing, 2008.

This article describes results of usability research conducted on the Purdue Online Writing Lab (OWL). The Purdue OWL is an information-rich educational website that provides free writing resources to users worldwide. Researchers conducted two generations of usability tests. In the first test, participants were asked to navigate the OWL and answer questions. Results of the first test and user-centered scholarship indicated that a more user-centered focus would improve usability. The second test asked participants to answer writing-related questions using both the OWL website and a user-centered OWL prototype. Participants took significantly less time to find information using the prototype and reported a more positive response to the user-centered prototype than the original OWL. Researchers conclude that a user-centered website is more effective and can be a model for information-rich online resources. Researchers also conclude that usability research can be a productive source of ideas, underscoring the need for participatory invention.

Where Can Students Find More Help?

Purdue University Writing Lab

Heavilon 226

Web: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/

Phone: (765) 494-3723

Email: [email protected]

Writing Scientific Abstracts

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How to Write a Good Abstract for a Research Paper - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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How to Write a Good Abstract for a Research Paper

You will find this presentation helpful as it has detailed explanations of how to write a good abstract for a research paper. more tips we have here – powerpoint ppt presentation.

• There are several sections that need to be included background, methods, results and conclusions. Sometimes different universities require slightly different titles for the sections, so check with your tutor about this.
• Information that is already available to the reader about the topic
• Connection between available information and the research paper (what needs to be examined by you)
• There are mandatory elements which should be included, such as sample size, duration of study, and numbers of people in groups and so on.
• For example, if you are writing a paper on medical topic, you may include information about means of gathering, sample sizes in various groups, experiments setting (if necessary), time of the study and instruments that were used on patients and so on.
• Naturally, it is the longest part of the abstract and should include as much relevant information as it can.
• Lets continue with medical example here you may include the number if people that were participating in your study, drop rates, results of your primary and secondary analysis, existing risks, limitation of the study and standard variations.
• Describe primary results of the research and secondary findings and include perspective data on the subject.
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How to Write an Abstract

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Abstract writing

This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from the 1960s to the early 1980s. The study analyzes county-level data and three case studies to understand how the movement transformed social structures and faced constraints. Key events studied include the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, school desegregation, and anti-poverty programs. The dissertation challenges the argument that social movements are inconsequential by showing how the civil rights movement drove institutional changes in Mississippi through independent movement structures. Read less

More Related Content

• 1. IVANO-FRANKIVSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF OIL AND GAS
• 2. Definition, Function and Purpose of an Abstract Qualities, Types and Components of an Abstract Writing an Abstract: Dos and Don`ts, Style and Voice Examples of a Mediocre Abstract and a Good Abstract Analyzing of Humanities and Science Abstracts
• 3. Abstracts: Definition An is a self-contained outline/brief summary of: a paper, a larger document, a study, a presentation.
• 4. when submitting articles to journals, especially online journals when applying for research grants when writing a book proposal when completing the Ph.D. dissertation or M.A. thesis when writing a proposal for a conference paper when writing a proposal for a book chapter
• 5. Purpose Help reader decide whether to read the text or not Summarize the findings of the text Help scholars find your article
• 7. Qualities of an Abstract One or more well-developed paragraphs Short (50-300 words; 3-5%) Stands alone Includes all the major elements of the larger text (in order) No new information
• 8. Reason for writing: What is the importance of the research? Why would a reader be interested in the larger work? Problem: What problem does this work attempt to solve? What is the scope of the project? What is the main argument/thesis/claim? Methodology: An abstract of a scientific work may include specific models or approaches used in the larger study. Other abstracts may describe the types of evidence used in the research. Results: Again, an abstract of a scientific work may include specific data that indicates the results of the project. Other abstracts may discuss the findings in a more general way. Implications: What changes should be implemented as a result of the findings of the work? How does this work add to the body of knowledge on the topic?
• 9. Descriptive Informative • Used for humanities and • Used for sciences social science papers or engineering or psychology essays. psychology reports. • Describes the major • Informs the audience of points of the project to a all essential points of the reader. paper. • 50-100 words • About 200 words
• 10. Structure of an Abstract Descriptive Informative • Topic (background) • Topic (background) • Research Question • Research Question (aim (purpose) or purpose of research) • Particular interest/ • Methods used focus of paper • Results/findings • Overview of contents • Conclusion
• 11. Writing an Abstract over your paper and identify the key points for each section each section and shrink the information in each down to 1-2 sentences you have written one to two sentences for each of the key points outlined above the ideas with appropriate transitions
• 12. Writing an Abstract and text as needed the word length and further reduce your words if necessary by cutting out unnecessary words or rewriting some of the sentences into a single , and edit for flow and expression
• 13. • Uses only that is , and is able to stand alone as a unit of information • Covers all the of the full-length paper • Contains • Usually does not include • In publications such as journals, it is found , but in academic assignments it is placed .
• 14. DOs: repeating information from the title • If many results, only the most important juts the major implications to your purpose and research question
• 15. Good Abstracts: Writing Style • Use a clear and concise writing style • Remove or shorten any unnecessary words or phrases • Write in plain English understandable to a wider audience, as well as your discipline-specific audience • Use the language of the original paper, often in a more simplified form for the general reader • Use key words from the document. • Introduce specific terminology • If necessary, define unfamiliar terms, introduce acronyms • Avoid trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, symbols, and jargon
• 16. Voice • Modern scientific style prefers the active voice. Iron bauxites sweetened gasoline in air. • Abstracts are often an exception, but only if the passive voice reduces the total number of letters and words. Use passive structures in order to report on findings, focusing on the issues for the more general reader. • Avoid using I or we, but choose active verbs instead of passive when possible .
• 17. Mediocre Abstracts abstracts read like a table of contents in a sentence form Example: The behavior of editors is discussed. What should be covered by an abstract is considered. The importance of the abstract is described. Dictionary definitions of “abstract” are quoted. At the conclusion a revised abstract is presented.
• 18. Mediocre Abstracts • An improved example: The abstract is of utmost importance, for it is read by 10 to 500 times more people than hear the presentation or read the entire article. It should not be a mere recital of the subjects covered, replete with such expressions as “is discussed” and “is described.” It should be a condensation and concentration of the essential qualities of the Paper.
• 19. Example 1 Here is an abstract from a published paper. It is 220 words long. ) Major problems of the arid region are transportation of agricultural products and losses due to spoilage of the products, especially in summer. This work presents the performance of a solar drying system consisting of an air heater and a dryer chamber connected to a greenhouse. The drying system is designed to dry a variety of agricultural products. The effect of air mass flow rate on the drying process is studied. Composite pebbles, which are constructed from cement and sand, are used to store energy for night operation. The pebbles are placed at the bottom of the drying chamber and are charged during the drying process itself. A separate test is done using a simulator, a packed bed storage unit, to find the thermal characteristics of the pebbles during charging and discharging modes with time. Accordingly, the packed bed is analyzed using a heat transfer model with finite difference technique described before and during the charging and discharging processes. Graphs are presented that depict the thermal characteristics and performance of the pebble beds and the drying patterns of different agricultural products. The results show that the amount of energy stored in the pebbles depends on the air mass flow rate, the inlet air temperature, and the properties of the storage materials. The composite pebbles can be used efficiently as storing media. Helwa, N. H. and Abdel Rehim, Z. S. (1997). Experimental Study of the Performance of Solar Dryers with Pebble Beds. Energy Sources, 19, 579-591.
• 20. Example 2 (Here is an abstract from a published paper. It is 162 words long. ) The long-term performance of various systems was determined and the economic aspects of solar hot water production were investigated in this work. The effect of the collector inclination angle, collector area and storage volume was examined for all systems, and various climatic conditions and their payback period was calculated. It was found that the collector inclination angle does not have a significant effect on system performance. Large collector areas have a diminishing effect on the system’s overall efficiency. The increase in storage volume has a detrimental effect for small daily load volumes, but a beneficial one when there is a large daily consumption. Solar energy was found to be truly competitive when the conventional fuel being substituted is electricity, and it should not replace diesel oil on pure economic grounds. Large daily load volumes and large collector areas are in general associated with shorter payback periods. Overall, the systems are oversized and are economically suitable for large daily hot water load volumes. Haralambopoulos, D., Paparsenost, G. F., and Kovras, H. (1997) Assessing the Economic Aspects of Solar Hot Water Production in Greece. Renewable Energy, 11, 153-167.
• 21. • Do not Don’ts"this commence with paper…”, "this report…" or similar. It is better to write about the research than about the paper. Avoid use of "in this paper“, what other paper would you be talking about here? • Do not contain references • Do not use sentences that end in "…is described", "…is reported", "…is analyzed" or similar. • Do not begin sentences with "it is suggested that…” "it is believed that…", "it is felt that…"or similar. In every case, the four words can be omitted without damaging the essential message. • Do not repeat or rephrase the title.
• 22. • Do not enumerate a list of topics covered; instead, convey the essential information found in your paper. • Do not give equations and math. Exceptions: Your paper proposes E = m c 2. • Do not refer in the abstract to information that is not in the document. • If possible, do not use trade names, acronyms, abbreviations, or symbols. You would need to explain them, and that takes too much room. The abstract should be about the research, not about the act of writing.
• 23. This study (dissertation, research) es The findings from the research... aims to illuminate illustrate how... examines the role of... show that the impact of [insert text] on [insert text] is explores why... more complex than previously thought/assumed. investigates the effects of... address a controversial belief among practitioners that... assesses the impact of...on... developed and tested the idea that... illustrate the antecedents and consequences of [insert text] and [insert text] in... suggest that the effect of [variable X] on [variable Y] was This study (dissertation, research)... moderated over time when... is motivated by two research questions: (1) [Insert research question one] ?(2) [Insert research question two]? To examine these questions, the study … "[Insert a research question]?" is a fundamental question in The results, implications for managers, and future research are discussed. [the name of your area of interest]. Theoretical contributions and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. This study (dissertation, research)... has three goals: (1) [insert goal one], (2) [insert goal two], provide and (3) [insert goal three]. support for the key arguments. support the prediction that... This study advances our understanding of... support the model: offer insights into... Using comparative case analysis, this research explored the role prompt a re-thinking of [insert your area of interest] of...
• 24. There are some tricks that you could use to condense a piece of writing that you have agonized over for weeks (or months, or even years) into a 250-word statement. – Write down the main idea of each paragraph on a separate piece of paper. – Try grouping the main ideas of each section of the paper into a single sentence. – For a scientific paper, you may have sections titled Purpose, Methods, Results, and Discussion grouped around a central idea. – Use reverse outlining to discover the central idea in each section and then distill these ideas into one statement. – To create a first draft of an abstract of your own work, you can read through the entire paper and cut and paste sentences that capture key passages. – A well-written humanities draft will have a clear and direct thesis statement and informative topic sentences for paragraphs or sections. – Isolate these sentences in a separate document and work on revising them into a unified paragraph.
• 25. You cannot summarize key ideas just by cutting and pasting. There are a few techniques that will help you determine what a prospective reader would want to know about the work. – Search through the entire document for key terms that identify the purpose, scope, and methods of the work. – Pay close attention to the Introduction (or Purpose) and the Conclusion (or Discussion). These sections should contain all the main ideas and key terms in the paper. – Be sure to incorporate the key terms. – Instead of cutting and pasting the actual words, try highlighting sentences or phrases that appear to be central to the work. – Rewrite the sentences and phrases in your own words. – After reading the entire work, put it aside and write a paragraph about the work without referring to it. – In the first draft, you may not remember all the key terms or the results, but you will remember what the main point of the work was. – Remember not to include any information you did not get from the work being abstracted.
• 26. Revise, revise, revise No matter what type of abstract you are writing, or whether you are abstracting your own work or someone else’s, When revising: • Delete all extraneous words and incorporate meaningful and powerful words. • The idea is to be as clear and complete as possible in the shortest possible amount of space. • The Word Count feature of Microsoft Word can help you keep track of how long your abstract is and help you hit your target length.
• 27. 3 of social movements through a This dissertation examines the impacts multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti- poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi. Kenneth Tait Andrews, “‘Freedom is a constant struggle’: The dynamics and consequences of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement, 1960-1984″ Ph.D. State University of New York at Stony Brook, 1997 DAI-A 59/02, p. 620, Aug 1998
• 28. • Now let’s break down this abstract into its component parts to see how the author has distilled his entire dissertation into a ~200 word abstract. This dissertation examines the impacts of social movements through a multi-layered study of the Mississippi Civil Rights Movement from its peak in the early 1960s through the early 1980s. By examining this historically important case, I clarify the process by which movements transform social structures and the constraints movements face when they try to do so. The time period studied in this dissertation includes the expansion of voting rights and gains in black political power, the desegregation of public schools and the emergence of white-flight academies, and the rise and fall of federal anti-poverty programs. I use two major research strategies: (1) a quantitative analysis of county-level data and (2) three case studies. Data have been collected from archives, interviews, newspapers, and published reports. This dissertation challenges the argument that movements are inconsequential. Some view federal agencies, courts, political parties, or economic elites as the agents driving institutional change, but typically these groups acted in response to movement demands and the leverage brought to bear by the civil rights movement. The Mississippi movement attempted to forge independent structures for sustaining challenges to local inequities and injustices. By propelling change in an array of local institutions, movement infrastructures had an enduring legacy in Mississippi. social movements, Civil Rights Movement, Mississippi, voting rights, desegregation
• 29. The problem of detecting 4gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search for and analysis of detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability. Luis Lehner, “Gravitational radiation from black hole spacetimes” Ph.D. University of Pittsburgh, 1998 DAI-B 59/06, p. 2797, Dec 1998
• 30. • This science abstract covers much of the same ground as the humanities one, but it asks slightly different questions. The problem of detecting gravitational radiation is receiving considerable attention with the construction of new detectors in the United States, Europe, and Japan. The theoretical modeling of the wave forms that would be produced in particular systems will expedite the search and analysis of the detected signals. The characteristic formulation of GR is implemented to obtain an algorithm capable of evolving black holes in 3D asymptotically flat spacetimes. Using compactification techniques, future null infinity is included in the evolved region, which enables the unambiguous calculation of the radiation produced by some compact source. A module to calculate the waveforms is constructed and included in the evolution algorithm. This code is shown to be second-order convergent and to handle highly non-linear spacetimes. In particular, we have shown that the code can handle spacetimes whose radiation is equivalent to a galaxy converting its whole mass into gravitational radiation in one second. We further use the characteristic formulation to treat the region close to the singularity in black hole spacetimes. The code carefully excises a region surrounding the singularity and accurately evolves generic black hole spacetimes with apparently unlimited stability. gravitational radiation (GR), spacetimes, black holes
• 32. Thank you for your attention!

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How to Write a Really Great Presentation Abstract

Whether this is your first abstract submission or you just need a refresher on best practices when writing a conference abstract, these tips are for you..

An abstract for a presentation should include most the following sections. Sometimes they will only be a sentence each since abstracts are typically short (250 words):

• What (the focus): Clearly explain your idea or question your work addresses (i.e. how to recruit participants in a retirement community, a new perspective on the concept of “participant” in citizen science, a strategy for taking results to local government agencies).
• Why (the purpose): Explain why your focus is important (i.e. older people in retirement communities are often left out of citizen science; participants in citizen science are often marginalized as “just” data collectors; taking data to local governments is rarely successful in changing policy, etc.)
• How (the methods): Describe how you collected information/data to answer your question. Your methods might be quantitative (producing a number-based result, such as a count of participants before and after your intervention), or qualitative (producing or documenting information that is not metric-based such as surveys or interviews to document opinions, or motivations behind a person’s action) or both.
• Results: Share your results — the information you collected. What does the data say? (e.g. Retirement community members respond best to in-person workshops; participants described their participation in the following ways, 6 out of 10 attempts to influence a local government resulted in policy changes ).
• Conclusion : State your conclusion(s) by relating your data to your original question. Discuss the connections between your results and the problem (retirement communities are a wonderful resource for new participants; when we broaden the definition of “participant” the way participants describe their relationship to science changes; involvement of a credentialed scientist increases the likelihood of success of evidence being taken seriously by local governments.). If your project is still ‘in progress’ and you don’t yet have solid conclusions, use this space to discuss what you know at the moment (i.e. lessons learned so far, emerging trends, etc).

Here is a sample abstract submitted to a previous conference as an example:

Giving participants feedback about the data they help to collect can be a critical (and sometimes ignored) part of a healthy citizen science cycle. One study on participant motivations in citizen science projects noted “When scientists were not cognizant of providing periodic feedback to their volunteers, volunteers felt peripheral, became demotivated, and tended to forgo future work on those projects” (Rotman et al, 2012). In that same study, the authors indicated that scientists tended to overlook the importance of feedback to volunteers, missing their critical interest in the science and the value to participants when their contributions were recognized. Prioritizing feedback for volunteers adds value to a project, but can be daunting for project staff. This speed talk will cover 3 different kinds of visual feedback that can be utilized to keep participants in-the-loop. We’ll cover strengths and weaknesses of each visualization and point people to tools available on the Web to help create powerful visualizations. Rotman, D., Preece, J., Hammock, J., Procita, K., Hansen, D., Parr, C., et al. (2012). Dynamic changes in motivation in collaborative citizen-science projects. the ACM 2012 conference (pp. 217–226). New York, New York, USA: ACM. doi:10.1145/2145204.2145238

📊   Data Ethics  – Refers to trustworthy data practices for citizen science.

Get involved » Join the Data Ethics Topic Room on CSA Connect!

📰   Publication Ethics  – Refers to the best practice in the ethics of scholarly publishing.

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⚖️  Social Justice Ethics  – Refers to fair and just relations between the individual and society as measured by the distribution of wealth, opportunities for personal activity, and social privileges. Social justice also encompasses inclusiveness and diversity.

Get involved » Join the Social Justice Topic Room on CSA Connect!

👤   Human Subject Ethics  – Refers to rules of conduct in any research involving humans including biomedical research, social studies. Note that this goes beyond human subject ethics regulations as much of what goes on isn’t covered.

Get involved » Join the Human Subject Ethics Topic Room on CSA Connect!

🍃  Biodiversity & Environmental Ethics – Refers to the improvement of the dynamics between humans and the myriad of species that combine to create the biosphere, which will ultimately benefit both humans and non-humans alike [UNESCO 2011 white paper on Ethics and Biodiversity ]. This is a kind of ethics that is advancing rapidly in light of the current global crisis as many stakeholders know how critical biodiversity is to the human species (e.g., public health, women’s rights, social and environmental justice).

⚠ UNESCO also affirms that respect for biological diversity implies respect for societal and cultural diversity, as both elements are intimately interconnected and fundamental to global well-being and peace. ( Source ).

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🤝  Community Partnership Ethics – Refers to rules of engagement and respect of community members directly or directly involved or affected by any research study/project.

Get involved » Join the Community Partnership Ethics Topic Room on CSA Connect!