student visa for phd in usa

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5 Visa Options International PhD Students Must Know To Work In The U.S.A.

Written by Arunodoy Sur, PhD

Like most PhD students preparing to graduate, I started applying for jobs early.

I felt lucky to receive some positive responses right away.

In a very short period of time, I had interviews lined up with 4 different companies.

I went through multiple rounds of interviews, and even reached the stage of salary negotiation in 3 of these cases.

It all seemed to be going well.

Being proactive was paying off and now I was going to have a new job lined up before graduation.

It didn’t take long for all 3 companies to retract their job offers.

All with similar vague and robotic responses that they decided to go a different route.

I thought I was a shoe-in for at least one of them!

I had received positive feedback from every person I met and I followed all the proper interview etiquette, down to the personalized thank-you letter.

I had done everything right.

Meanwhile, graduation was just around the corner and anxiety was building around my immigration status.

The immigration law states that international students attending school in the U.S. must have full-time employment within 90 days of graduation.

Three months might sound like ample time — but it’s not.

Getting a response after submitting your industry resume , going through multiple rounds of interviews, and then eventually receiving a job offer often takes much longer than 3 months.

I frantically applied to more positions and networked as much as possible with industry professionals.

Fortunately, about a month after my graduation, I caught my break and landed a job.

I accepted the offer even though it wasn’t my first choice and the starting salary was lower than what I would have preferred.

But waiting wasn’t an option, given the 60 days I had left, and I couldn’t risk holding off and looking into other companies with the immigration laws looming overhead.

I didn’t realize that the reason offers were retracted or withheld was because I was an international student.

The employers did not want to deal with the hassle of additional immigration paperwork when they could hire someone equally as qualified with American citizenship.

I might have been the right choice, but I was the harder choice, so someone else got the job.

Getting chosen over a U.S. citizen — or someone with established permission to work in the U.S. — is an uphill climb.

It’s so much easier for companies to go with a simple hire without the paper trail process they perceive as being time-consuming and uncertain.

My story is not unique.

It has been 3 years since I graduated.

I do not regret the first industry job I accepted but I wish someone had prepared me for the challenges I would face as an international student.

Why International PhDs Must Know Visa Policy

According to a report by the Global Cities Initiative in 2014 , the number of foreign students on F1 (student) visas in U.S. colleges and universities grew dramatically from 110,000 in 2001 to 524,000 in 2012, two-thirds of which study STEM and business fields.

45% of foreign student graduates extend their visas in order to remain in the same area as they studied.

And the trends show that international students can provide benefit to key metropolitan areas and can strengthen local economies.

Each fiscal year, the Migration Policy Institute reported that 55,000 diversity visas — otherwise known as green cards — are made available as part of a lottery system.

The demand for lottery visas is always much higher than the amount that are made available.

Like any lottery, the odds are not guaranteed and often slim.

In the 2016 program, close to 11.4 million qualified applicants were registered for the lottery, a 21% increase from the prior year.

Sound overwhelming?

You are not alone.

There are thousands of PhDs in your shoes, wanting to transition out of academia but struggling with visa requirements.

As a foreign PhD student, you have benefits that you need to leverage along with your knowledge of immigration policy.

Treat this like one of your courses you need to master so you can present yourself in the best light.

You have to arm yourself with knowledge.

Know your options.

Know your facts.

Get professional advice.

Only then can you start to properly prepare and strategize for your career transition.

If you want a company to sponsor you for a visa, you need to show that you are above and beyond any other available candidate.

You need to leverage your value to the company in ways that make your immigration status seem trivial.

Do the homework for them in terms of what visa you will need and the process that is involved.

Make it easy for them to hire you.

5 Visa And Citizenship Options For International PhDs

The American immigration process is not for the faint of heart or the impatient.

It’s an established system placed under high demand and strict policy.

This adds stress and frustration to your graduation process because it is so uncertain.

Multiple visa options exist and trying to sift through the best approach for you requires diligence, professional advice, and strategy.

The details of the steps and time taken to complete them will vary based on what kinds of jobs you apply for, whether you have relatives in the U.S., and which country you come from.

You should always seek help from legal professionals to ensure successful completion of immigration procedures.

Here are 5 of the most common visa options international PhD students must know to help get an early advantage while focusing on your career transition …

If you came to the U.S. as a graduate student, you must have started out on an F1 visa, also known as a student visa.

Once you are close to graduating from your program, you should apply for OPT (Optional Professional Training) through your school’s international student services office in order to be permitted to stay and work in the U.S.

The average time required to get an OPT from the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) is 1-2 months.

IMPORTANT: Be careful when you apply to maximize the number of days that you have available following graduation.

Keep in mind that you will need to find full-time employment within 90 days of the start date printed on your OPT card.

Best case scenario is that you have something lined up before you graduate and are conscious of your start date.

You can find more detailed information about OPT at the USCIS website.

2. F1-OPT extension.

Your OPT will typically be valid for 12 months.

Those who graduate from an American university STEM program are eligible to apply for an extension of OPT if they have not already applied for another visa status.

Prior to May 10th, 2016 this extension was only valid for 17 months but has since been increased to 24 months.

In order to be eligible for this extension, you have to meet two criteria.

First, you should be employed in a field associated with your field of study, and second, your employer should be enrolled in the e-verify program.

Find out more details about the e-verify program and even check if a company is registered in this program here .

3. J1 visa.

This will be your most likely visa status if you decide to do a postdoc in academia after your PhD.

The official term used for this category is “work-and-study-based exchange visitor programs” and is reserved for non-profit or educational institutions.

Your institution must be accredited with the Exchange Visitor Program through the U.S. State Department.

Multiple programs exist and qualify under the J1 visa and the application must be sponsored by the institution.

The university where you are doing your postdoctoral research will apply for your J1 visa to the U.S. State Department’s Bureau of Educational Cultural Affairs.

4. H1B visa.

This category of visa will typically be your option if you start a job in industry after your PhD , while you are still on OPT.

Your employer, whether in industry or academia, will have to sponsor your application for H1B to the USCIS.

Although you can get H1B through both academic and non-academic jobs, there are a few differences between them.

The H1B offered to academic positions, such as international postdoctoral scholars, falls under the cap-exempt H1B.

In order to be eligible for cap-exempt H1B, you should be employed by a “not-for-profit institution of higher education”, which covers all employees of universities.

The first obvious difference — as suggested by the name — is that there is no cap/quota in the number of applications, unlike non-academic H1B submitted through private companies.

As a result, you will not have to go through a lottery to be selected if you are a postdoc and your application is submitted by the university.

However, H1B offered by academia does not allow you to switch directly to employers in industry.

If you want to join a company after a few years as a postdoc, and you have a cap-exempt H1 visa, you will need to go through the lottery.

IMPORTANT: The cap for H1B visas is often reached within days.

The lottery requires further screening of relevant documents and waiting at least a few months to receive your approval from USCIS before you can officially receive H1B and become eligible to work for your employer.

5. Green card.

A green card gives you a more permanent status compared to J1 or H1 visas and it also makes it a lot easier to change jobs.

Everything else is a temporary fix for your immigration woes that can serve to extend your time while you work towards this.

Once you have a green card, your next employer will not have to do any immigration paperwork similar to what they will need to do to hire a professional on H1B.

There are several pathways to securing a green card, and exploring all the possibilities are beyond the scope of this article.

But the vast majority of STEM PhDs generally take two possible routes to securing a green card: the EB-1 or EB-2 category.

The EB-1 category is further divided into the following two types: EB-1A for extraordinary ability and EB-1B for applicants who can be classified as outstanding researchers.

Depending upon your professional track record, you can be eligible for either as a science PhD.

The advantage of EB-1 is that it has a much shorter waiting time compared to EB-2.

EB-2 visas are given to professionals who are employed full-time in the U.S. and have an advanced degree (Master’s degree or higher).

PhDs will qualify for this category and generally, your employer will have to file the application on your behalf.

As a STEM PhD, it is possible to apply for a residency from either a J1 or H1 status.

However, according to most legal professionals, there are some advantages for filing for permanent residence (green card) while on H1B status rather than when on J1.

Irrespective of which category you fall under and what route you wish to take, the process of applying for and securing a green card requires you to fulfill much more than just having a PhD and the outcome is hard to predict.

It is also expensive, complex, and time-consuming.

As with all of these options, professional legal advice is invaluable before pursuing a green card.

International PhDs do not have an easy ride to full-time employment. You will have to go that extra mile to prove you have what it takes to be the perfect job candidate. Give yourself the time to network and strategize your job search. On top of this, make sure to do your research about the types of visa options available to you. By knowing this information before graduation, you are taking the onus away from the employer to figure out what they need to do to hire you. Speak with a lawyer and start early. You are an incredibly talented PhD, so do not let bureaucracy stand in the way of your transition.

If you’re ready to start your transition into industry, you can apply to book a free Transition Call with our founder Isaiah Hankel, PhD or one of our Transition Specialists.  Apply to book a Transition Call here.

Hi, I'm Isaiah Hankel, PhD

I am CEO of Cheeky Scientist, the world's premier career training platform for PhDs. If you want free insights on resumes, LinkedIn, interviewing, careers and more, just enter your details below.

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ABOUT ARUNODOY SUR, PHD

Arunodoy is a Ph.D. in Integrative Biology and has training in intellectual property, entrepreneurship, and venture capitalism. He also has experience with global biotechnology and biopharmaceutical companies, including clinical trial consulting. Arunodoy is passionate about the translation of academic research to the real world and commercialization of scientific innovation so that it can help solve problems and benefit people. He possesses in-depth understanding of both technological and commercial aspects associated with the life science industry.

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Your Ultimate Guide to Student Visas for PhD Study in USA

• by Canice Silas

Welcome to the definitive guide on student visas for PhD study in USA! your decision to pursue your PhD in the United States is a fantastic one. This guide aims to furnish you with invaluable insights and detailed instructions to assist you in successfully navigating this process.

To study in the United States as a non-citizen, it is required to get a student visa. When applying for Student visas for PhD study in USA, start the application for a US student visa well in advance. It is ideal to commence your application three to five months before the commencement of your study, as the process can be time-consuming.

Ranging from reasons why the USA is an unrivalled option for PhD studies, to an exploration of the diverse student visas attainable, this guide captures all vital aspects to streamline your search. Whether it’s the scholastic superiority of American universities , the abundant research possibilities, or the global acclaim a US PhD brings with it, this guide will arm you with the necessary information to realize your ambitions.

Table of Contents

Why Choose the United States for PhD Study

Opting for America as one’s PhD study destination comes with a range of considerable advantages. To begin with, the country is globally acknowledged for its outstanding academic prowess. Renowned for superior educational standards, stringent research quality, and the latest facilities, American universities have much to offer.

The United States presents a multitude of research avenues, allowing PhD students to initiate collaborations with top experts in their field and harness state-of-the-art resources. This interaction with high-end research environments cultivates innovation and intellectual expansion.

Consequently, getting a PhD in the USA provides graduates with international recognition, thereby boosting their career opportunities , both locally and internationally.

See Detail: Why Pursue a PhD in the USA

Types of Student Visas for PhD Study in USA

Embarking on a PhD journey in America requires an understanding of the three primary student visas, namely F-1, J-1, and M-1 visas. Each carries its own distinctive stipulations and limitations, necessitating a thorough understanding of their distinctions. It is imperative to know the most fitting visa variant based on your individual academic aspirations and scholarly program prerequisites.

The F-1 Visa

The F-1 visa reigns as the top choice for international students engaging in PhD studies in America. It grants students the ability to study at a recognized U.S. college or university. To qualify for an F-1 visa, candidates must have secured admission into a Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) authorized program and procure an I-20 form from the said institution.

The F-1 visa bearers are given the liberty to work part-time on campus during their academic journey and may also be eligible for Optional Practical Training (OPT) post-degree completion. Students must uphold full-time registration and consistent academic progress to maintain the F-1 visa status active throughout their PhD journey.

The J-1 Visa

This visa type is well known for its association with exchange programs, the J-1 visa pairs well with international students embarking on a PhD journey in the USA. The visa condones students’ participation in cultural or academic exchange programs, including assistantships in research or teaching. To secure a J-1 visa, enlistment by an approved program sponsor such as a university or research institution is necessary.

During their academic stint, J-1 visa holders can gain practical experience and broaden their cultural horizons. However, at the end of their program, they might have to adhere to a two-year home residency requirement, implying they must spend a minimum of two years in their native country before being eligible to apply for certain U.S. visas or permanent residency.

The M-1 Visa

The M-1 visa is tailored for international students pursuing non-academic or vocational programs in America, the M-1 visa has a distinctive place, albeit not common for PhD studies. It could be a good choice for specialized courses. The M-1 visa enables students to partake in vocational or technical training such as cosmetology, culinary arts, or aviation.

To be eligible for this visa, acceptance into an SEVP-accredited vocational or non-academic program is mandatory, along with a demonstration of adequate financial resources to cope with the course fees and living expenses. M-1 visa holders, unlike F-1 visa holders, do not have access to training or career opportunities during or after their studies in the United States.

See: Cheapest Cities in USA for PhD Students

Overview of an F-1 Student Visa

An F-1 student visa is a type of non-immigrant visa granted to international students who wish to carry out full-time academic studies in the United States. This visa category is predominantly utilized by students undertaking degree programs, including those pursuing doctorates. Administered by the U.S. Department of State , the F-1 visa is exclusively intended for those accepted at institutions approved by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP).

With this visa, students can reside in the U.S. throughout their program, potentially working part-time on the campus. There might also be options for engagement in Optional Practical Training (OPT) after their program completion. Securing an F-1 visa requires demonstrating an intention to return to one’s homeland post-studies, coupled with proof of sufficient financial aid to cover the study and living expenses in the U.S.

How to Apply for an F-1 Student Visa                                            

#1. research and apply to sevp approved universities and programs.

To obtain an F-1 student visa, carefully scrutinizing and applying to universities and programs sanctioned by the Student and Exchange Visitor Program (SEVP) is crucial. SEVP-approved institutions have fulfilled the necessary conditions to accept international students. It’s wise to explore universities and programs that offer doctoral programs in your field of interest.

Prioritize universities with a high academic reputation, generous research opportunities, and expert faculty. After making your list, review their eligibility criteria and deadlines closely. Preparing and submitting your applications, inclusive of all required documentation, is the next step. Adherence to application procedure and timeliness is essential.

In contrast to some other countries, the United States lacks a centralized university admission system. This means that individual applications to each desired institution are necessary. To get admission to any university, you must meet their own admissions criteria, and often, you will also be required to demonstrate evidence of adequate financial capacity.

#2. Prepare Required Documents

Before submitting an application for an F-1 student visa, gathering and organizing all the indispensable documents should be your priority. The said documents usually constitute:

• A valid passport (your passport must be valid for a minimum of six months after your study period in the United States. A separate application is required for each individual requiring a visa if more than one name is included in your passport. Remember to carry both your current and previous passports, just in case.
• Printed copy of visa interview appointment letter
• Your university admission letter
• Signed SEVIS Form I-20
• SEVIS fee receipt
• Financial account statement serving as proof of sufficient funds to support your educational and living expenditures
• Proof of your English language proficiency
• DS-160 application confirmation page with barcode and application ID number
• MRV fee payment confirmation receipt
• 1-2 passport photographs as detailed in the requirements.

Other supportive documents might be demanded by the university or embassy, for instance, academic scorecards, recommendation letters, or a research blueprint. It is crucial to meticulously verify the document specifications provided by the university and embassy so as not to overlook any indispensable document, thus, avoiding any postponements or snags during the visa application process.

See: PhD Program Considerations: Finding the Right Fit

#3. Apply to SEVIS and Pay the Fee

Upon receiving the acceptance letter from a SEVP-certified university or program, your next move should be to register in the Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS) and make the associated payment. The SEVIS, an online tool, gathers and controls information about international students in the United States.

To register, complete the SEVIS Form I-901, providing your personal data, university details, and SEVIS ID. After your SEVIS Form I-901 is submitted, you are required to pay the SEVIS fee through an online payment channel using a debit or credit card. Safeguarding the SEVIS fee receipt for future use is crucial as it’s going to be required during the visa application.

Upon acceptance by a school, the university will register you in the SEVIS system and provide you with Form I-20 if you qualify for an F visa.

#4. Complete a US Student Visa Application and Pay the Visa Application Fees

With a certified SEVIS record and the SEVIS fee payment receipt at your disposal, you are permitted to proceed to fill out the US student visa application and cover the visa application fee. Commonly known as the DS-160, the application form can be found on the US Department of State’s website. Providing personal data, educational background, details of your doctoral studies, and SEVIS ID is mandatory.

Fill in all necessary information accurately. Upon completion of the application, the payment of the visa application fee is required which varies based on your home country. Thereafter, ensure you safely store the transaction confirmation for future use during the visa interview.

#5. Schedule and Attend Visa Interview

Upon filing the DS-160 form and covering the application fee, your next step is scheduling an appointment for a visa interview at the nearest US embassy or consulate. You can schedule this appointment either through the embassy’s website or the visa application center. During the visa interview, the consular officer will review your application and pose questions on your past education, your motives behind pursuing a PhD in the US, your financial abilities to sustain yourself, and your connections back home.

Adequate preparation is key, go through your application, rehearse potential questions, and bring all essential documents, including the SEVIS fee receipt, and the visa application fee receipt. Demonstrating a genuine intent to study and being transparent and confident in your responses can bolster your chances of acquiring the visa.

See Also: Easiest Countries to Get PhD Admission

Documents for the Visa Interview

For the visa interview regarding the F-1 student visa, it is fundamental that you take along all necessary documents to corroborate your application. Such documents typically include:

• International passport
• Visa payment receipt
• DS-160 confirmation page
• University admission letter
• Financial proof of sustenance
• Proof of English proficiency
• Academic transcripts and any other required supporting documents such as;
• Recommendation letters
• Research plan.

Always arrange these documents before the interview and place them in a secure holder for easy accessibility during your interview day. Providing all required documents to the consular authority enhances your case and raises the chances of a successful F-1 student visa application.

Tips for a Successful Student Visa Application

When embarking on the quest to secure a student visa for doctoral study in the United States, consider these essential pointers to ensure a prosperous application journey.

Plan Ahead and Start Early

The importance of early planning and rapid commencement of your student visa application process cannot be emphasized enough. Delve into your visa requirements and the application procedure at your earliest convenience. This will award you ample time to obtain all vital documents.

Be Prepared for the Interview

Proper preparation for the visa interview is a vital ingredient for the student visa application process. It’s wise to get yourself up to speed with common interview queries and rehearse your answers. Be primed to articulately state your motivation to study in the United States, your scholastic and professional aspirations, and your post-PhD intentions to return home.

Demonstrate Strong Ties to Home Country

Making clear the solid connections you have to your home country is a significant factor during the student visa application process. Visa authorities look for compelling reasons to believe you’re likely to go back to your country after your studies. Highlight familial bonds, property, potential career opportunities, or ongoing responsibilities back home to showcase these ties.

Seek Professional Guidance and Support

Seeking advice and assistance from professionals and those who have gone through the student visa application process can majorly boost your probability of a winning student visa application. Having professional support lessens the stress and uncertainties that often come with the visa application process, providing reassurance as you journey towards your American doctoral studies.

Using Your Student Visa

Once your student visa is granted, comprehension of its utilization during your stay in the United States is vital. Your first task will be planning your arrival based on the effective resumption date of your program and arriving ahead of time to acclimatize to the new surroundings.

Ensuring the sustenance of your visa status is crucial – it calls for enrollment in full courses, punctual attendance, and compliance with university stipulations. Safekeeping of all crucial documents like visa, passport, and I-20 – ensuring their validity throughout your stay – is recommended as immigration and customs procedures require you to present them. Wisely handling your visa privileges and complying with the rules will optimize your doctoral studies in America.

You Can Also Read:  Top 7 Cheapest Countries to Study a PhD Degree

Arrival in the United States of America

Upon your arrival in the United States as a doctoral student, you are embarking on a significant chapter of your academic pursuit. To navigate your arrival smoothly, adherence to a few crucial steps is advised. Initial responsibility includes timely travel booking and notifying your university about it to facilitate any required assistance. Once you’re in the US, you’ll have to go through immigration and customs.

Follow the allocated pathway for all international arrivals and have your I-20 form, visa, and passport accessible for inspection. There might be queries about your visit and studies from the immigration official, so be ready with appropriate responses. Post-immigration processing, retrieve your baggage and proceed towards the defined transportation area.

Most universities render airport pick-up services for international students, check if you’re entitled to it. Lastly, move into your accommodation and look forward to an exhilarating doctorate journey in the US!

Departure From the United States

As you conclude your doctoral studies in the United States, awareness of the departure protocol is crucial to ensure an organized transition back home. Begin with a thorough check of your visa’s expiration date to guarantee departure before it runs out. Address all pending financial commitments like tuition charges, library dues, and housing fees before your departure.

Report your leaving date to the international student department of your university and return your I-20 form. Regularly update yourself with the current regulations to avert unanticipated hitches. After fulfilling your departure requirements, say goodbye to your academic sojourn in the US, appreciating the enriching experiences and valuable learnings from your doctoral studies.

The complex process of applying for an F-1 student visa entails conducting research, organizing necessary documents, enrolling in the SEVIS, filling out the visa application, and preparing for a visa interview. Once the student visa is granted, it is of paramount importance to exploit your time in the U.S. by acquainting yourself with resources available on campus, ensuring visa compliance, and seeking advice concerning travel and employment. By heeding these directives and seeking expert help, you can successfully navigate the student visa application procedure and undertake a fulfilling PhD study in the U.S.

We Recommend:

• PhD in the USA – Your Ultimate Guide
• 20 Countries Offering Affordable Doctoral Degrees or No-Cost PhDs
• Easiest Countries to Get PhD Admission
• PhD in the USA Without GRE
• How to Survive as a PhD Student in USA

Top 7 Cheapest Countries to Study a PhD Degree

• Getting a PhD in the UK vs Getting a PhD in the USA

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Canice Silas

Canice U. Silas is a dedicated scholar who has channeled the last 20 years of his life to various forms of scholastic pursuits. He holds a BSC in Industrial Chemistry and a master's degree in Inorganic Chemistry from the prestigious Imo State University, Owerri. Mr Silas is set to complete his PhD in Inorganic Chemistry within the next six months. Passionate about the classroom from his elementary school days, Mr Silas grabbed the first opportunity that came his way at the Imo State University where he worked as A. A and currently K. O. Mbadiwe University, as a lecturer and as well has been into educational consulting for thousands of students across various tertiary institutions in the world.

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Best Visa Options for US Ph.D. Holders and Students

America is a land of opportunity for immigrants and international students from around the world .

Over 900,000 international students from many countries around the globe choose to study at colleges, universities and other higher education institutions in the United States each year.

Thousands of these international students, including those who earn a Ph.D., are authorized to legally work in the USA each year with employment-based Green Cards or temporary U.S. work visas.

This guide provides the essential information about different options available to get a U.S. visa for Ph.D. holders and other international students or foreign degree recipients, which could enhance academic and career opportunities in the future .

Table of Contents

Employment-based visa for ph.d. holders and students:, employment-based visa for ph.d. holders and students, the eb-1a immigrant visa and green card.

• For individuals with extraordinary ability in the arts, athletics, business, education or sciences
• Extraordinary ability must be demonstrated by national or international recognition over time
• A key requirement is to move to the USA in order to continue working in your field of expertise
• Employment offer and labor certification are not required for EB-1A applicants
• EB-1A applicants can apply on their own by filing the Petition for Alien Worker (Form I-140) with USCIS

Examples of recognition could include :

• Receiving national or international awards or prizes for excellence
• Publishing scholarly articles in major trade or professional publications
• Being a member of an organization in your field that requires outstanding achievements
• Making significant contributions in the arts, athletics, business, education or sciences
• Playing a critical or leading role in top organizations of distinction
• Publications about you in key trade or professional publications or other top media
• Proof that you have been successful commercially in the performing arts
• Documenting that you were asked to judge the work of other people, either on a panel or individually
• Showing evidence that your work was put on display at artistic showcases or exhibitions
• Other approved evidence of extraordinary ability

The EB-1B Immigrant Visa and Green Card

• For top-rated researchers and professors with outstanding accomplishments in an academic field
• Outstanding accomplishments in a certain academic field must receive international recognition
• At least 3 years of experience in research or teaching in a specific academic discipline is required
• A key requirement is to move to the USA to seek a tenure track research or teaching position 
• The EB-1B does require an offer of employment, but it does not require a labor certification
• The sponsoring employer in the U.S. must file the Petition for Alien Worker (Form I-140) with USCIS
• Employers for the EB-1B include institutions of higher education (e.g., universities) and private employers
• Private employers must provide evidence that they employ a minimum or 3 researchers full-time

Examples of evidence that an individual is an outstanding researcher or professor include :

• Receiving major awards or prizes for outstanding accomplishment
• Proof of original contributions to scholarly or scientific research in a certain field
• Membership in organizations that require outstanding achievements from members
• Writing scholarly articles or books published in scholarly journals in the field with worldwide circulation
• Participating on a panel or individually to judge the work of other people in the same or related field
• Material written by other people in professional publications about the applicant’s work in the field

The EB-1C Immigrant Visa and Green Card

• For particular multinational executives or managers
• The applicant needs to have been employed 1 year outside the U.S. in the 3 years prior to applying
• The EB-1C requires an offer of employment from a U.S. employer, but does not require labor certification
• The petitioning employer must have been conducting business as a legal entity in the U.S. for a minimum of 1 year
• The petitioning employer must have a qualifying relationship to the employer the applicant worked for outside the U.S.
• The petitioning employer must intend to employ the applicant in an executive or managerial capacity

People who receive the U.S. EB-1 Visa and Permanent Resident Green Card can receive many benefits such as:

• Living in the USA in any of the 50 states for an unlimited period of time
• Working in the U.S. legally for an unlimited amount of time
• Traveling to and from the United States according to the regulations
• Sponsoring eligible family members for a U.S. Green Card
• Traveling to and from any of the 50 U.S. states
• Having the opportunity to buy a home and start a business in the USA
• Receiving Social Security benefits once the eligibility criteria are met
• Possessing equality and freedoms that are protected by law
• Getting a driving license in the state of residence
• Enjoying beautiful scenery and endless activities in the U.S.
• Applying for U.S. citizenship after living in the USA 5 years and meeting other criteria

H-1B Work Visa

• The H-1B is a temporary work visa for individuals with specialty occupations or for fashion models
• This ‘dual-intent’ U.S. visa is valid for up to 3 years and can be renewed for up to 3 more years
• Toward the end of the 6 years, there may be an option to apply for an Employment-Based Green Card
• The applicant must have theoretical and practical application of knowledge that is highly specialized
• The applicant must have at least a Bachelor’s Degree or the equivalent in the highly-specialized field
• Some specialized occupations require the applicant to get a license in the state where he or she will work
• An offer of employment in the specialized occupation from a U.S. employer is required 
• A foreign fashion model needs to be a fashion model of distinguished ability and merit
• The U.S. employer needs to apply for a labor certification from the federal Department of Labor
• The U.S. employer must also file the Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker (Form I-129) with USCIS
• Family members can apply for the H-4 nonimmigrant visa to live in the USA with the foreign worker

O-1 Work Visa

• The O-1 is a temporary work visa for people with extraordinary achievement or ability 
• The O-1A Work Visa is for those with extraordinary ability in athletics, business, education or science
• The O-1B Work Visa is for those with extraordinary achievement in the film & television industry or extraordinary achievement in the arts
• Extraordinary ability needs to be recognized nationally or internationally over time
• The applicant must desire to move to the USA for a limited time period to continue working in the field
• The employer must file the Petition for Nonimmigrant Worker (Form I-129) with USCIS
• The O-1 Work Visa is initially valid for up to 3 years and has an option to be renewed for up to one year each time
• Accompanying family members can apply for the O-3 nonimmigrant visa to live in the USA with the foreign worker.

Other Options for Ph.D. Holders and Students

• The J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa is for individuals who will move to the U.S. on a temporary basis as part of an authorized exchange program to promote the interchange of skills and knowledge related to the arts, education and science through consulting, demonstrating special skills, instructing, lecturing, observing, obtaining graduate medical education, receiving training, researching, studying, or teaching.
• J-1 Exchange Visitors may include: au pairs, camp counselors, research assistants, professors, scholars, specialists, students, teachers, and trainees (among others).
• J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa holders may be able to work in the USA if their exchange program allows it.
• The J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa can be valid up to five years for individuals with specialized skills, researchers, professors and teachers.
• Accompanying family members of J-1 Exchange Visitor holders can apply for the J-2 Visa to live in the USA.
• International students who hold a valid F-1 Student Visa may be able to have temporary employment in the United States for up to 12 months that is related directly to their field of study through the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program.
• F-1 students who are authorized for Pre-Completion OPT may work in the USA up to 20 hours per week, while those who are approved for Post-Completion OPT can work in the USA at least 20 hours per week.
• F-1 students who completed a degree in the United States in particular science, technology, engineering or mathematics (STEM) programs may be able to apply for an extension of Post-Completion OPT for 24 months.

What Is the Best U.S. Visa for Ph.D. Holders?

The best U.S. visa for Ph.D. holders will depend on the individual’s education, experience, skills, achievements, career goals and other factors.

Employment-Based (EB) Immigrant Visas (such as the EB-1A, EB-1B, EB-2A or EB-2B) may be the best U.S. visas for Ph.D. holders who want to live and work in the USA long-term as permanent residents .

For Ph.D. holders who want to live and work in the USA for a limited amount of time, the H-1B Work Visa or O-1 Work Visa might be preferred.

The H-1B Work Visa is a dual-intent visa, which can be issued for up to three years initially and renewed for up to three additional years (six years total); however, there is an option for eligible skilled foreign workers to apply for an Employment-Based Green Card toward the end of the six years if they want to adjust their status from temporary resident to permanent resident.

A foreign Ph.D. holder with little or no experience or major achievements can gain valuable experience in his or her field of study by working in the USA with the OPT program or as a J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa holder (check if the exchange program has an authorized employment component).

Conclusion – How Can USAFIS Help You?

Being accepted into a Ph.D. program and/or earning a Ph.D. is by itself an important accomplishment.

Having a Ph.D. can also open the door to opportunities in the United States, allowing individuals to live and work in the USA for a limited period of time or permanently as Green Card holders.

With several U.S. visas for Ph.D. holders to choose from, it can be challenging to figure out which option to apply for.

Since 2001, USAFIS has been helping individuals and families to pursue opportunities that are available to legally live in the USA.

USAFIS offers a U.S. Visa Assessment which can let you know which option is right for you.

Guidance is also available to gather the documents required for filing a U.S. visa application.

The first step is to find out which U.S. visa program you are eligible to apply for.

START YOUR PROCESS NOW!

Frequently asked questions (faq’s), what visa do ph.d. students have in the usa.

In general, the F-1 Student Visa is the U.S. visa for Ph.D. students in the United States.

Can a Ph.D. holder immigrate to the USA?

There are several U.S. visas for Ph.D. holders to immigrate to the United States as permanent residents, such as the EB-1 and EB-2 Employment-Based Immigrant Visas and Green Cards. The H-1B is a temporary U.S. visa for Ph.D. holders or other skilled foreign workers and it has an option after six years to apply for permanent residence through an Employment-Based Green Card program.

How can I stay in the USA after PhD?

You might apply to work in the USA through a Post-Completion Optional Practical Training (OPT) program for up to 12 months (you could apply to extend the Post-Completion OPT 24 months if you earned a PhD in an eligible STEM field. The OPT program allows F-1 international students to get work experience in the U.S. that is related to their major field of study. Other options to stay in the USA after PhD could include applying for an Employment-Based (EB) Green Card (such as the EB-1 or EB-2); H-1B Work Visa; O-1 Work Visa; or perhaps a J-1 Exchange Visitor Visa through an approved exchange program that allows U.S. employment. Additional possibilities might be to marry an American citizen or U.S. permanent resident, as well as to participate in the annual Diversity Visa (Green Card) Lottery Program. 

What is the average salary after PhD in the USA?

According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (2022), the average salary after PhD in the USA is $99,290 USD per year, but this can vary depending on major field of study and other factors.

Can you live off a Ph.D. stipend in the USA?

It is quite possible to live off a Ph.D. stipend in the USA, however, this will depend on the amount of your stipend, the size of your family, whether low-cost housing is available and other factors. The amount of a Ph.D. stipend will vary based on the institution of higher education and the particular Ph.D. program, but could range from a low of about $12,000 USD per year to a high of around $58,000 USD annually (many Ph.D. stipends are in the $24,000-$40,000 USD range). Many Ph.D. students share the rent with roommates to lower housing costs, while others have a spouse or partner who earns an income.

Can a Ph.D. student work full-time in the USA?

There are different rules regarding employment in the United States for Ph.D. students who are American citizens or U.S. permanent residents versus international students with an F-1 Student Visa who are working on their Ph.D. In general, Ph.D. students who are U.S. citizens or permanent residents can work in the USA full-time, however, this may depend on the rules of a particular institution of higher education and/or the specific Ph.D. program. In regards to Ph.D. students with an F-1 Student Visa, they may work on campus up to 20 hours per week when classes are in session and full-time during summer break. International Ph.D. students may be able to work off-campus, such as through the Optional Practical Training (OPT) program, up to 20 hours per week while they are completing their program or 20+ hours per week with the Post-Completion OPT.  

How much is a Ph.D. stipend in the USA?

The amount of a Ph.D. stipend in the USA will vary depending on the institution of higher education and the specific Ph.D. program. In general, a Ph.D. stipend in the USA could be a low as around $12,000 USD per year or as high as about $58,000 USD annually. Many Ph.D. stipends in the USA are somewhere between $24,000 USD and $40,000 USD per year.

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The Ultimate Guide to Getting a PhD in the USA

In this guide, we will explore everything you need to know about getting a PhD in the USA, from costs and application tips to PhD careers.

• Student Tips
• Study Abroad

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Phd in the usa: key info, 💰 the cost of studying.

The tuition fees for PhD students range from $9,000 to over $65,000 , averaging at around $20,500 per year. Living expenses can vary significantly depending on the destination of your studies.

Read the full cost breakdown ▼

📋 Scholarships for international students

• Fulbright Postgraduate Scholarships
• NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program

See more scholarships ▼

✈️ Visa requirements

You'll most likely have to apply for F-1 or M-1 student visas .

The required documents for a US student visa application may include a DS-160 form , a photo , and payment confirmation of the $185 application fee .

More on student visas ▼

Would you like to gain advanced knowledge and skills in your field, while also setting yourself up for exciting career opportunities? Then a PhD in USA might be a perfect fit for you! If you would like to be one of the 50,000+ people proudly showing off your PhD this year, this guide will walk you through the process.

Haven't decided on your ideal PhD program yet?

Use our search to find and compare programs worldwide, what's a phd in the usa.

📌 KEY TAKEAWAYS

• The USA has a growing demand for high-quality research
• US universities are known for their world-class research facilities
• PhD in the USA takes 4-7 years to complete (6 on average)

How long does a PhD take in the USA?

You can expect to spend around 4 to 7 years studying for a PhD program in the US, averaging at around the 6 year mark .

That said, some students may take more or less time depending on the field of study, research requirements, and individual progress.

Remember, a PhD is not a sprint, but a marathon, and the focus should be on developing your skills and knowledge, as well as setting yourself up for success by networking with fellow academics.

Why get a PhD in the USA?

Be in the epicenter of research and innovation.

According to the US National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics , the United States spent $789 billion on Research and Development in 2021 and $885 billion in 2022. US spending on R&D has been rising steadily since the 1950s . Industries like pharmaceutics, medicine, electronics, transportation equipment manufacturing, and a few others, have seen a significant increase in research in the last decade.

All these numbers show that the USA has a growing demand for high-quality research that will help move these industries forward and provide value to the world.

Career opportunities

Many employers in the US value advanced degrees like PhDs. In fact, some companies require a PhD for certain positions, particularly in fields like engineering, science, and technology. By earning a PhD in the USA, you will be demonstrating to potential employers that you have the skills, knowledge, and dedication to succeed in a highly specialized field.

What's more, graduates who have completed a Master's or a PhD degree tend to earn significantly more . According to the 2022 Education pays data from the US Bureau of Labor Statistics, the median weekly earnings of full-time, year-round workers aged 25 and over is:

• $853 for high school graduates;
• $1,432 for Bachelor's degree graduates;
• $1,661 for Master's degree graduates;
• $2,083 for Doctoral degree graduates.

A PhD in the USA can also give you access to a wide range of networking opportunities . You will have the chance to attend conferences, collaborate with other researchers, and build relationships with industry professionals.

Access to cutting-edge research facilities and better funding opportunities

US universities are known for their world-class research facilities. In addition to state-of-the-art laboratories and equipment, many universities offer access to specialized libraries, data sets, and other resources that can support your research.

A chance to move abroad

If you are looking to move to the United States and pursue a career in academia or research, applying to a PhD program can be a great option. One of the benefits of applying to a PhD in the USA is that it can provide a pathway for obtaining a student, and then workers', visa .

According to the US National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics , this is how many people had a temporary visa by earning a PhD in the USA, broken down by country and major:

Note: This is the data for the top 5 countries in terms of international student numbers in 2020. It's not a complete list of students from all origin countries.

You can read more about the visa requirements and the application process for PhD students in this detailed United States country guide .

How to choose the right program for a PhD in the USA?

• Identify your interests and long-term career goals
• Research reputable programs in your field and check their funding options

Here are a few things you should consider when you’re choosing your PhD in the USA:

Identify your research interests and goals

What are you passionate about? What topics excite you? What are you curious about? For example, if you are interested in public health, you might choose to focus on studying the epidemiology of infectious diseases.

Similarly, consider your long-term career goals. Do you want to become a professor or work in a specific industry? Will your research area help you gain the skills and experience you need to succeed in your chosen career path?

Research programs and faculty

First and foremost, make sure the program you are interested in has a strong reputation in your field of study. Look through different universities that offer programs for PhD in USA and narrow down your search to the ones that fit your criteria.

Once you have a shortlist of universities, it is time to look at the faculty members in your research area. Check their research interests, publications, and awards to see if they align with your own research interests.

Look into funding, available resources and student support

Check out the program's funding options, including scholarships, grants, and assistantships, to make sure they align with your financial needs. You will also want to look into the program's support resources, such as advising and mentoring, to make sure you will have the support you need to succeed.

Having adequate funding for your research is important to ensure that you have the resources necessary to conduct your studies effectively. This may include funding for materials, equipment, and travel to conferences or research sites . Without sufficient funding, your ability to carry out your research goals may be limited, which can ultimately impact the success of your program.

Look into the institution’s reputation and rankings

A highly ranked and reputable university can open doors to prestigious job positions, research opportunities, and collaborations with other leading institutions in your field.

The reputation of the university can also affect the perception of your work and publications, which can impact future funding opportunities and collaborations.

Furthermore, higher ranked universities usually have access to more resources and funding , which can provide better research opportunities and access to top-notch facilities and equipment.

Tips for successfully applying to PhD programs in the USA

Applying for a PhD in the USA can be a competitive process, so it is important to be thorough, strategic and prepared. Here are a few tips to keep in mind when you’re actively submitting your applications.

• Niche down: Determine what has already been studied in your field and identify the gaps in research that you’d be interested in filling.
• Connect with potential advisors: Reach out to faculty members whose research interests align with yours and ask about potential research opportunities. This will help you stand out from the crowd and will show that you are passionate and serious about your research area.
• Prepare strong application materials: Your application materials should highlight your academic achievements, research experience, and passion for your chosen field. Consider seeking feedback from mentors or peers to ensure your materials are polished and compelling.
• Adhere to application instructions and deadlines: Stick to the motivation letter word count and submit the requested number of recommendation letters. Keep track of application deadlines and make sure to submit your materials on time.

US student visa requirements

• F-1 and M-1 are the most common international student visas.
• To apply for a student visa, you'll need to complete the DS-160 form, submit a photo, Form I-20, and pay the $185 application fee.
• There are a lot of restrictions for international PhD students who want to work during their studies.

Once you receive the admission letter from your desired university, you'll have to apply for a US Student Visa. The first step is to know what visa you should apply for.

Student visa types

• F-1 visas are for full-time international students pursuing an academic degree.
• M-1 visas are for students engaging in vocational studies.
• J-1 visa is for students taking part in work-and-study-based exchange programs.

If you need help regarding the visa type and application process, reach out to your local U.S. embassy .

F-1 and M-1 visa requirements:

• Online application - DS-160 form .
• A photo of yourself that meets visa photo requirements
• Form I-20 provided by your university
• Proof of payment of the $185 application fee

Look at the full list of requirements for M-1 and F-1 visas .

Things to keep in mind:

• F-1 students can't work off-campus in the first year , and can only work on campus under certain circumstances. In the second year, you can mostly work in jobs related to your academic studies.
• M-1 students can do practical training after their studies.
• To enter the country ahead of time, you must apply for a Visitor (B) Visa.

J-1 visa has a different set of requirements compared to the other two visas.

Things to note:

• If you want to work outside of your program of study, you will have to gain prior authorization from your responsible officer.

The cost of a PhD in the USA

According to the National Center for Education Statistics , the average graduate tuition and required fees amount to $20,513 annually in the 2021/22 academic year.

Here's the breakdown of the average costs of tuition for a PhD in the USA, based on the type of university.

Keep in mind that domestic in-state students are likely to pay a fee closer to the lower end of the spectrum, while out-state and international students pay higher fees.

Source: 2022 Digest of Education Statistics , US National Center for Education Statistics (NCES)

* Cornell University is an exception to this: their PhD programs are significantly cheaper at $20,000-$25,000 per year, depending on the field of study .

The cost of living in the USA

The United States is an expensive country to live in, especially for international students.

The specific living costs vary between cities and states, so you should research the exact amount you'll need for your study destination. This generally includes:

• Accommodation costs
• Transit costs
• Health insurance
• General life expenses

Scholarships for PhD in the USA

Governmental and privately funded scholarships.

The National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship Program is a federal grant for outstanding STEM graduate students in the USA that offers a fully-funded PhD.

University scholarships

Many universities in the USA are eager to fully fund excelling PhD students. Here are some notable graduate schools:

• The Harvard Kenneth C. Griffin Graduate School of Arts and Sciences provides full financial support to incoming PhD students. This support includes tuition grants, stipends, traineeships, teaching fellowships, research assistantships, and other academic appointments.
• All PhD students at Yale GSAS are fully funded. On average, doctoral students at Yale receive more than $500,000 in tuition fellowships, stipends, and health care benefits throughout their studies.
• Princeton also fully funds every PhD student, with tailored support across all years of regular program enrollment.

Other funding options for students pursuing a PhD in the USA

As a PhD student, you should be looking for a university that offers full (or near full) funding of your research. You will be spending years researching your subject of interest at this university - while directly giving up an opportunity to work in the industry.

That's why it is crucial to research funding options and eligibility requirements thoroughly, as well as to start the application process early to increase the chances of securing funding.

There are different types of funding options for students aiming to get a PhD in the USA.

Fellowships

Many universities and research institutions offer fellowships to PhD students. These can provide funding for tuition, fees, and living expenses, and may also include additional benefits such as travel grants and health insurance. Institutions and organizations that offer fellowships for PhD in the US include but are not limited to:

• The National Science Foundation
• American Association of University Women (AAUW)
• The Ford Foundation

Assistantships

Graduate assistantships are positions within a university or research institution that provide funding and often involve working as a research or teaching assistant. These positions can provide a stipend, tuition remission, and other benefits.

During the academic year, students are restricted to working a maximum of 20 hours per week. However, they are allowed to work full-time during the annual summer vacation. If the school is funding a student, the research or teaching assistantship will be counted as part of the 20 hours per week. In the first year, most assistantships are considered 20 hours per week, and 15 hours per week after.

Career opportunities after completing a PhD in the USA

Getting a PhD in the USA can open up many career opportunities in various positions. What jobs you end up taking will largely depend on the sector you’d like to work in. Here are some examples of the roles you’d be able to take after getting a PhD:

• Academia and research : you can pursue a tenure and a non-tenure track as a professor, or you can choose to delve deeper into research.
• Industry jobs : research and development manager or a senior scientist, writer, or any role related to your area of research
• Governmental roles : policy analyst or researcher, consultant
• Non-profit organizations : director of research or program manager

Here are some examples of jobs that require a PhD, and how much they get paid in the United States:

Source: Payscale, 2024

How to Write A Great PhD Resume (With a Template)

• 5 Sources of PhD Funding
• Five Things to Do After Finishing Your PhD

Sara Evans Author

Sara is the Content Manager at Keystone Education Group, in charge of creating and managing editorial content for students across the globe. After getting a Bachelor's in Interactive Media Design, she pursued a career in Content and UX. She's been involved in the international education industry since her high school years.

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Visa Options in the US After Graduation

If you think that you want to stay and work in the United States after completing your undergraduate degree, make sure that you know your visa requirements and restrictions. Navigating the American immigration process is often stressful and confusing because there are as many visas as there are letters in the alphabet. The eligibility requirements and legal rulings are constantly changing, which does not make the process any easier.

Here are a few of the most common options applicable to graduates looking for a post study work visa. For a full list of all non-immigrant and immigrant visas, visit VisasToUSA.com where you can view other types of visas that may be applicable to you. You will also be able to have your immigration questions answered for free via email by an immigration attorney.

Practical Training on an F1 Visa

• Non-Immigrant H3 Visa (Trainee)
• Non-Immigrant H-1B Visa Specialty Occupation
• Non-Immigrant R-1 Visa Religious Worker
• Non-Immigrant E1/E2 Visa
• Non-Immigrant L-1 Visa
• Non-Immigrant Obtaining a Green Card
• Employment Based Immigration

An F1 student is generally entitled up to one year of post-completion practical training. Authorization for this type of practical training may be granted for a maximum of 12 months and starts once you have graduated or completed your course of study.

Speak to the international students department of your university to get the necessary forms and to find out how to apply for a post study work permit. They will inform you of the different practical training options available to you. Find out about your practical training options when you start to study so you can adequately prepare for the future.In order to stay in the USA after OPT you may be able to apply for an OPT extension if you are eligible due to your field of study, i.e. STEM.

Non-Immigrant H-3 Visa (Trainee)

An H-3 trainee visa is suited to those individuals who do not have appropriate education or work experience. It is for those who would like to come to the U.S. to train in a particular field with the intention of transporting the knowledge and training back to their home country upon completion of their visa. The H-3 visa is valid for 2 years and cannot be extended or transferred to H-1B/L-1 status. To qualify for an H-3 visa, the applicant needs to secure training from a U.S. employer who has an established training program.

Non-Immigrant H-1B Visa (Specialty Occupation)

The minimum requirements for obtaining this classification are: (1) a U.S. employer to sponsor the applicant, (2) a U.S. Bachelors Degree or its equivalent, and (3) a correlation between the job duties and the applicant’s education and work experience. In addition to the above requirements, it is also necessary to obtain an approval of a labor condition attestation from the Department of Labor prior to filing the H-1B petition with the Immigration & Naturalization Service. A LCA is required to ensure that foreign workers are not exploited by U.S. employers and are paid the same salaries and obtain the same benefits as their American counterparts.

The H-1B is granted for an initial period of 3 years and can be extended for an additional 3 years, but cannot be extended beyond 6 years. Spouses and minor children automatically obtain H-4 visas, which entitle them to accompany the applicant to the U.S. and to attend school, but not work, in the U.S.

Non-Immigrant R-1 Visa (Religious Worker)

The R-1 religious worker category is designed for ministers, persons working in a professional capacity in a religious occupation, or persons working for a religious organization in a religious occupation. The applicant must demonstrate that he/she had been a member of the religious denomination for at least 2 years preceding the application. Initial admission is for 3 years with an extension of up to 2 years. The U.S. employer is required to demonstrate that it has tax exemption status.

Non-Immigrant E-1/E-2 Visa (Treaty Trader/Treaty Investor)

Certain countries have entered into treaties with the United States, which allows their nationals to obtain treaty trader/treaty Investor visas. A fundamental requirement for an E-1 visa is that at least 51% of the company’s trade must be between the U.S. and the treaty country. An E-2 visa requires a "substantial investment" to be made into a new or existing enterprise. Managers, executives and other essential employees are eligible for these visas. The visa is usually granted for a 5-year period with 2-year increments upon each entry. It is possible to extend these visas as long as there is a need for the individual to direct and control the U.S. enterprise and the concern remains viable.

Non-Immigrant L-1 Visa (Intracompany Transfer)

The L-1 intracompany transferee visa is used for companies abroad who have offices in the U.S. and would like to transfer certain employees here on temporary employment assignments. This visa is designed for managers and executives (maximum admission: 7 years) or people possessing specialized knowledge (maximum admission: 5 years).

If the U.S. subsidiary is a newly established office, the applicant will only be admitted for an initial period of 1 year. It is possible to apply for extensions, which must be accompanied by documentation showing major business activity or future business activity and an increase in personnel. It is possible to apply for permanent residency through this category as a multinational executive/manager.

Non-Immigrant Obtaining a "Green Card"

A person granted permanent residency ("green card status") is permitted to reside and work in the U.S. Depending on their classification, an immigrant may be eligible to file for U.S. citizenship either three years or five years from date of acquiring permanent residency (providing they are not otherwise deemed ineligible).

There are four main categories under which it is possible to acquire permanent residency status in the U.S. The easiest and quickest way is through a family relationship where the petitioner is either a U.S. citizen or permanent resident. The other categories involve employment sponsorship, diversity immigrants and refugees and asylees.

You might also take your chances with the Green Card Lottery .

The most common asked question from graduates is: “How do we get a green card through employment?”

Employment-Based Immigration

To obtain an employment-based immigrant visa, there is usually a requirement that an applicant applies and obtains labor certification. This process, designed to ensure that no qualified U.S. workers exist for the position, is often difficult and can take several years to complete (depending on jurisdiction). It is therefore desirable to apply under an alternative category, which lacks this labor certification requirement. Most graduates will fall under:

First Preference: Priority Workers

This category includes the following: (a) persons of extraordinary ability in sciences, art, education, business or athletics; (b) outstanding professors and researchers, and (c) multinational executives and managers.

Under the extraordinary ability subcategory above, the applicant does not require a job offer and the application can be processed fairly expeditiously. Only those applicants who have reached the top of their field can apply under this category and must intend to continue to work in the particular area of extraordinary ability. In addition, the applicant must show that his or her entry will benefit the U.S.

Under the category of outstanding professors and researchers, the standards are more lenient. However, the applicant must have three years of teaching or research experience, as well as a job offer for a permanent position from an appropriate U.S. institution. No Labor Certification application is required for this category.

Multinational Executives and Managers

In order to qualify for permanent residence under this category, managers or executives of companies must have been employed for one of the three years preceding their transfer to the United States. Additionally, their employment at the overseas company must have been in an executive or managerial capacity. The U.S. sponsoring employer must also have been in existence for at least one year and the overseas company must be operating.

Note: If an applicant obtains an L-1B Intracompany visa (based on their specialized knowledge) labor certification will be necessary.

Second Preference: Advanced Degree Professions / Exceptional Ability

Members of the professions holding advanced degrees (e.g. masters degrees or bachelors degrees, plus five years of work experience) or aliens of Exceptional Ability. Although Labor Certification is usually required, it is possible to obtain a waiver, if it can be shown that the applicant’s employment will be in the "national interest".

Third Preference: Labor Certification

This category usually requires a Labor Certification except in certain cases. Three separate subcategories exist:

• Professionals (with a Bachelors Degree);
• Individuals performing a job requiring two years of education, experience or training;
• Other workers.

Fourth Preference: Special Immigrants

This category is designed for "special immigrants" and is limited to 10,000 visas per year. Certain religious workers qualify under this category, which does not require Labor Certification.

Fifth Preference: Employment Creation - Investors

This category allows for two-year conditional residency for people who invest either $1 million (or $500,000 in underdeveloped areas or areas of high unemployment) in a new commercial enterprise that employs 10 U.S. citizens or permanent residents on a full-time basis and manages the business on a day-to-day basis.

The applicant can either create an original business or the purchase of an existing business, which results in a new commercial enterprise, or the expansion of an existing business so that its net worth or employees increase by 40%.

The investment can be a combination of cash, equipment, inventory, but an unsecured promissory note is unacceptable. Multiple investors are acceptable, but each investor must independently meet the capital and employee requirements.

If you are a current student interested in working in the US, check out our Working in the US page.

Learn about Working After Graduation in Australia .

You might be interested in How to Apply for an F1 Student Visa .

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Studying in the US on an F-1 Visa

The United States boasts some of the world’s best universities and attracts top talent from all over the world. Nowadays, almost one in five graduate students in the US are international. But navigating the moving process as an international student can be challenging. This article is aimed at international PhD students who will be applying for an F-1 visa (the most common student visa). It goes through the pre-departure process, arrival in the US, and setting up life in America.

I-20 and F-1 Visa

There are two documents that students need to be able to enter the United States as a student. The first is an I-20 . This official three-page document is issued by your university and endorsed by a school official. It acts as proof of admission from your university and proof of your ability to pay schools fees and living expenses in the US. your I-20 also has your SEVIS identification number on it. It is valid for the length of your admissions offer, usually five years. The institution will mail you your I-20.

Once you receive your I-20, you can apply for your student visa. The first step is to pay the mandatory SEVIS I-901 fee . SEVIS is the student tracking system. The fee is $200. You will not be issued a visa if you do not pay the fee. Print the payment receipt and bring it with you to your visa interview and to the US Port of Entry the first time you enter the country as a student.

The F-1 visa is the most common student visa and is issued to international students admitted to a full-time academic program at a US institution. With the exception of Canadians, all international students need to obtain an F1 visa for full-time PhD studies in the US. To being the application process, you must fill out the DS-160 visa application online . Be as accurate as possible. Print the confirmation page with the barcode at the end of the application. Then you must schedule a visa interview at the US embassy/consulate in your home country. Please check the website of the US embassy/consulate in your home country for the most up to date information about the interview process.

F-1 visa holders may seek on-campus work that does not exceed 20 hours a week. After the first year they may apply for certain types of off-campus work with the authorization of the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services.

Bringing Your Family

Students who plan to bring dependants (a spouse and/or children only) with them to the US must include their dependant’s information in the admissions applications. The student will also have to submit additional proof of financial support ($7,200 for a spouse and $3,600 for each child). The university will send their F-2 Dependant I-20s with your I-20. Your dependants should then accompany you to your local US embassy/consulate to apply for their F-2 visas when you apply for your F-1 visa.

It is important to note that spouses and dependents may not work in the US with an F-2 visa and are not eligible for a social security number. They may do volunteer work as long as they are not compensated and are doing a job normally done by volunteers. If they want to seek employment they will need to obtain the appropriate work visa.

Entering the US

Your program start date is printed on your I-20. You may enter the US up to 30 day prior but no later than that program start date. When you arrive at a US airport, you must clear customs at a US Point of Entry. You will have to show the following documents: valid passport with the F-1 stamp, original I-20, SEVIS fee payment receipt, and financial documents consistent with what is stated on your I-20. When you enter the US you will also be assigned a I-94 number. You can obtain a print out of your I-94 number from US Customs and Border Patrol . You will need it this number to apply for a social security number and open a bank account.

Anytime you leave and re-enter the US as a student, you must remember to bring your passport with a valid F-1 stamp and your original I-20 form with you. The signature on page 2 of the I-20 (the “travel signature”) must be less than 12 months old on the date you re-enter the US. If is nearing expiry, you must have it resigned by the appropriate school official before you leave.

Social Security Number (SSN)

The American Social Security Number (SSN) is a nine-digit number used to identify citizens, permanent residents and temporary residents. You must have a SSN to work in the US. Most PhD students will have to apply for a SSN at some point during their degree as many American programs require PhD students to work as teaching assistants.

To apply for a SSN you must go in person to a Social Security Administration office near you . You will have to bring a completed social security card application, your passport with the F-1 stamp, your I-94 number , I-20, and proof of employment. In one to two weeks your social security card (with your social security number on it) will be mailed to you.

A SSN is also necessary for filing a tax return. If you are not eligible for a SSN but have an American source of income (eg. from a fellowship, stipend, or scholarship) you will have to apply for an Individual Taxpayer Identification Number (ITIN). This number is only for tax filing purposes and does not authorize you to work. Your university payroll services or international student office can help you apply for an ITIN and will usually expedite the application process. It takes seven weeks to receive an ITIN.

Landlords, cable companies, and cell phone providers will ask for a SSN to run a credit check to determine how large of deposit you must pay for housing and their services. International students without a SSN will still be able to secure housing and access these services but they will have to pay a higher deposit first.

Health Insurance

Health care in the US is very expensive and the US government does not provide health insurance. It is crucial that international students obtain health insurance. Most universities require all of their students to have health insurance coverage. Most universities offer health insurance plans for their students at a lower cost that other private insurance providers. Depending on the level of funding you are offered from the university, they might pay the cost of your health insurance. Make sure you read your policy very carefully to understand exactly what is and isn’t covered. Note that student health insurance does not normally include eye care or dental coverage.

As you are going to be living in the US for several years you should open an American bank account. This will make it easier for you to do things like pay rent and for your university to pay you. This big four American banks are Chase , Bank of America , Wells Fargo , and Citigroup . To open a bank account, you should bring your passport with the F-1 stamp, I-20, and I-94 number to the nearest branch of your chosen bank. It is not necessary to have a social security number to open an American bank account.

It is a good idea to have a few weeks worth of living expenses available in your home bank account as it may take some time to get your American bank account and salary deposit set up. Check with your home bank before you travel to make sure you will be able to use your bank card abroad.

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