democracy in malaysia essay

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Electoral Reform in Malaysia

Aiding Malaysians – from politicians, civil society and business actors, academics, media practitioners to ordinary citizens – in navigating an unprecedented political landscape: a hung parliament with a post-election coalition government.

The Challenge

Since 2018, when elections brought an end to almost 60 years of single-party rule, progressive political leaders, revitalised civil society organisations, and newly independent media organisations have pushed the country in a more democratic direction. Parliamentary and legislative reforms have improved the integrity of elections and brought increased transparency to political decision-making; changes to voting laws have empowered and mobilised the younger generation.

Yet, due to the lack of precedent, there is some concern now about the viability of a post-election coalition government and questions as to how a coalition of parties thrust together in the aftermath of a vigorously competitive campaign can govern together effectively.

“Malaysia’s only way to promote political stability is through deepening democracy, by making coalition governments and a hung parliament work.” YB Puan Alice Lau

About Deepening Democracy in Malaysia

Leveraging its expertise and experience from supporting elections and democracy in different parts of the world – including those where coalition governments are common – the Kofi Annan Foundation worked with Bersih and Global Bersih to identify experts and facilitate discussions on several themes critical to Malaysia’s current situation. It did so in partnership with the Office of the Speaker of Parliament, and with the support of the European Union and the High Commissions of Australia and Canada.

The Roundtable

In May 2023, we held a two-day Roundtable event at the Parliament of Malaysia in Kuala Lumpur. Participants considered presentations by politicians and academics from countries where post-election coalitions are the norm, and identified practices that may be applicable to Malaysia, including

• Strategies to enhance political stability in the context of hung parliaments and how post-election coalitions can effectively build consensus, develop shared policies, and arrive at a common agenda for governance.
• The role of Opposition Parties, Backbenchers and Members of Parliament, and the importance of empowering parliamentarians and giving them all the possibility to shape legislation.
• The impact of different practices and structures common in parliamentary democracies, such as select committees, shadow cabinets and votes of no confidence.
• The impact of traditional and new media; responsibilities of civil society, and the enormous impact of young voters.

Deepening Democracy in Malaysia: Making Hung Parliaments and Coalition Government Work

Learn about the role of media in desseminationg information and discourse about the political sphere of the country. Discover insights about: polarisation, youth enegagement, disinformation and healthy democracy, …

Summary of the Recommendations

The discussions were rich, covered a lot of ground; and can be viewed again  via YouTube.  The conference report elaborates in detail on the recommendations and how they can be achieved or implemented in Malaysia. However, it is worth noting some key points that were repeatedly made:

• First,  constructive competition is healthy  and in fact, fundamental to democracy; it is how issues are debated and consensus achieved – it should be welcomed, and it need not descend into chaos or antagonism between parties.
• Second,  good government needs good opposition,  and to effectively operate, Opposition groups need structure, resources and discipline.
• Third, while a range of rules and practices can foster healthy parliamentary democracy, the most important is that politicians from all sides share a common system of beliefs and that they all have trust in democratic institutions and in each other.  A democratic culture must be nurtured, which also implies civic education.
• Fourth, in a country as diverse as Malaysia,  all Parties should be prepared to come together and form coalitions.   Unfortunately, populism often relies on exacerbating religious, ethnic or nationalistic divides, which undermines democratic progress.
• Finally,  Malaysia’s only path to political stability is to deepen democracy and make hung parliaments work;  but Malaysian democracy needs to reflect Malaysian society and characteristics; it is important for national stakeholders and leaders to listen and learn from others, but also to find their own design of democracy.

“Progress has been driven not only by political leaders, but by many effective and motivated civil society organisations, young people, the media and the citizens of Malaysia.” Corinne Momal-Vanian

At a Glance

Participants, comprising members of parliament, senators, ministers and former ministers, foreign experts, embassies representatives, civil society and think tanks leaders, youths, reporters, volunteers, students and organisers took part in the in-depth discussions on the future of malaysian democracy., speakers from malaysia, australia, germany, canada, finland and the philippines exchanged knowledge and insights based on best practices., almost 10,000 cumulative views on the parliament of malaysia’s official youtube channel via the live streaming..

As Malaysia’s democracy undergoes transition and consolidation, we intend to observe closely and follow-up the conversation from the Roundtable

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DEMOCRACY SYSTEM IN MALAYSIA

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Country: Malaysia

July 2024, Volume 35, Issue 3

Southeast Asia’s Toxic Alliances

• Duncan McCargo
• Rendy Wadipalapa

What some elites in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Thailand portray as “unity” is nothing more than a corrupt bargain meant to cheat voters of their right to decide their country’s political future before a single ballot is cast.

April 2019, Volume 30, Issue 2

Confronting Authoritarianism

• Anwar Ibrahim

In May 2018, the people of Malaysia transcended distinctions of class, religion, and ethnicity in order to vote for democracy and reform against a long-ruling party riddled with corruption.

October 2018, Volume 29, Issue 4

The Downfall of Malaysia’s Ruling Party

• Sophie Lemière

In Malaysia’s May 2018 general election, a grand bargain between ex–prime minister Mahathir Mohamad and reform leader Anwar Ibrahim produced a political earthquake that ended 61 years of rule by the United Malays National Organization (UMNO).

January 2018, Volume 29, Issue 1

The Rise of Kleptocracy: Malaysia’s Missing Billions

• Cynthia Gabriel

One of the world’s worst public-corruption scandals shows how a lax international financial system enables massive graft in developing countries.

July 2014, Volume 25, Issue 3

Will Malaysia Follow the Path of Taiwan and Mexico?

• Joan M. Nelson

The hegemonic-party systems of Taiwan and Mexico began to loosen in the 1980s, eventually yielding to democracy. Malaysia’s ruling party, by contrast, has tightened the reins of power in the face of increasing opposition.

October 2013, Volume 24, Issue 4

Malaysia’s Elections: A Step Backward

• Bridget Welsh

Despite losing the popular vote, Malaysia’s long-ruling Barisan Nasional triumphed again in the country’s 2013 elections, disappointing an emboldened opposition that had high hopes after a strong performance in 2008.

April 2012, Volume 23, Issue 2

Southeast Asia: Strong-State Democratization in Malaysia and Singapore

The strong state in Malaysia and Singapore best explains why their authoritarian regimes have proved so stable and enduring. That is also the reason why democratization would go smoothly in both countries—yet, paradoxically, might never happen there at all.

Southeast Asia: Minding the Gap Between Democracy and Governance

• Donald K. Emmerson

Do democracy and good governance necessarily go hand-in-hand? In most Southeast Asian countries, a gap exists between the two. How should we understand good governance in an authoritarian context? And what does poor governance mean for the legitimacy of democracy?

January 2012, Volume 23, Issue 1

China and East Asian Democracy: The Coming Wave

• Larry Diamond

If there is going to be a great advance of democracy in this decade, it is most likely going to emanate from East Asia.

July 2009, Volume 20, Issue 3

Malaysia’s Electoral Upheaval

• Wong Chin Huat

In March 2008, Malaysian voters dealt the long-ruling National Front coalition an enormous shock—pushing that party closer to losing power than it has ever been in Malaysia’s entire history as an independent country.  

July 2008, Volume 19, Issue 3

ASEAN’s “Black Swans”

Can regionalism help to redress the uneven spread and internal weaknesses of democracy in Southeast Asia? Unforeseen events in the region and positive political entrepreneurship may yet transform ASEAN into a force for democracy.

January 2007, Volume 18, Issue 1

Malaysia: Turnover Without Change

• Thomas B. Pepinsky

When Abdullah Ahmad Badawi succeeded Mahathir Mohamad as prime minister in 2003, many expected far-reaching change in Malaysia. So far, however, turnover at the top has not led to significant democratic progress.

April 2005, Volume 16, Issue 2

The Rise of “Muslim Democracy”

The incentives created by competitive elections in a number of Muslim-majority countries are fueling a political trend that roughly resembles the rise of Christian Democracy in twentieth-century Europe

January 2002, Volume 13, Issue 1

What Democracy Can Do for East Asia

• Hilton L. Root

The implicit social bargain that carried many East Asian countries through the Cold War has lost its currency. If the peoples of this region are to secure the blessings of peace, liberty, and prosperity in the century ahead, they will need to have a new and explicitly democratic bargain working for them.

January 2001, Volume 12, Issue 1

Malaysia’s Resilient Pseudodemocracy

• William Case

While many of the world’s pseudodemocracies have lately made the transition to “unadulterated” democracy, Malaysia and its leader, Mahathir Mohamad, have successfully bucked this trend.

October 1999, Volume 10, Issue 4

Southeast Asia After the Crisis: A Tale of Three Countries

Read the full essay here .

October 1996, Volume 7, Issue 4

Soft Authoritarianism in Malaysia and Singapore

• Gordon P. Means

The (Final) Rise of Anwar Ibrahim

The democratic icon’s path to prime minister has been tortuous and long. But is Malaysia’s pluralism slipping away precisely when Anwar is getting his shot to lead the nation?

The Ideology Of Democracy In Malaysia

According to Lyman Tower Sargent, “An ideology is a value or belief system that is accepted as fact or truth by some group” (Tummala, 1996, p. 44). The colonial ideology that still exist in Malaysia today is democracy which started by colonial discourse. British is a hegemony because it has the power to influence Malaysia ideology. This can be seen as Malaysians eligible voters participate in the general election every five years. However, last time, there is a resistance towards it by the communist party. Dr. Mahathir believed that Chin Peng wants a communist state, not democracy (Anbalagan, 2013). According to Wren (2007), democracy refers to a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. In 1952, Malaysia had its first taste of democracy when the British experimented with multiparty elections in the Kuala Lumpur municipality (Hunter & Malik, 2005). Being colonized by British, our country uses the same parliamentary as the British which is parliamentary democracy. In a parliamentary democracy, the Monarch is the Head of State and the Prime Minister is the Head of government. In contrast, Malaysia uses written constitution while British uses unwritten constitution (Abdul Rashid & Syed Serajul, 2011). The paradigm of post-colonialism can explain democracy in Malaysia because ideology is one of the important terms used by post-colonialism. The ontology that can be used to perceive this reality is dualist, the combination of idealist and materialist. For

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The system of checks and balances and three branches of government has been widely adopted across the world today, most prominently in the Southeastern Asian countries of Thailand and Malaysia. In the Federal Constitution of Malaya (now Malaysia), a constitutional monarchy is formed, including the use of three branches of government, which was first adopted by America in the Constitution of the United States. The three branches of Malayan government are the bicameral legislative branch (a.k.a. The Parliament) consisting of the House of Representatives and Senate, the executive branch containing the Prime Minister and his Cabinet Ministers, and a Federal Court in the judiciary branch. This system of government is almost a clone of the American government formed about two centuries prior.

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Australia is a Democracy Never before have there been so many democracies in the world or so many competitive elections conducted at national, subnational and region levels. Democracy is now prescribed as inseparable from good governance and an antidote to corruption. The key aspects of what makes Australia a democracy being the electoral role, Australian Electoral Commission (AEC), referendumsm, the rule of law The separate colonies of Australia gained self-government during the nineteenth century and less than half a century later Australia became the first nation to vote itself into existence through popular referendum. How does Australia’s democracy in today’s modern age stack up on those early days of a fledgling democracy.

Two Similarities Between Direct Democracy And Liberal Democracy

Democracy is a form of government offering a workable solution to the fundamental political problem of reaching collective decisions by peaceful means. Democracy can also be about political equality and giving everyone an equal voice in saying how a state should be governed The procedures required to deliver democratic political equality are , free and fair elections, universal suffrage, freedom of expression and information and freedom of association . There are many types of democracies but in my essay I will explain only two types of democracies which are direct democracy and liberal democracy Direct democracy is a form of democracy where citizens are given an extraordinary amount of participation in the legislation process and granting them a maximum political self determination. It can also be called “pure democracy”.

The Role Of Democracy In The Korean War

Due to the Western democratic influence over the southern half of the Korean peninsula, it allowed for South Korea to go under positive reform and development. Democracy empowered people to have a voice in politics and in the way the country should be ran. The transition of governmental system allowed for Korean citizens to participate in electing Presidents through holding “regular, free, and fair elections.” In a sense, it was like proof to the world that Korea was now democratized. Not only did democracy change the authoritative governmental system to a democratic system, but it also allowed for the small country to experience great economical growth.

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Democracy is a government in which the supreme power is held by the people. The definition of democracy is viewed differently or similar based on your perspective. In both poems “Democracy” by Langston Hughes and,”Democracy” by Sara Holbrook, both used strategies to describe their perspective. On how democracy is defined to them, which had the different and similar perspective on democracy 's meaning.

Importance Of Freedom Of Expression In Malaysia

As human beings, we are all born with an entitlement of freedom of speech or synonymously known as freedom of expression as it is a basic human right. It is stated in the Federal Constitution and it is important for us human beings to protect our rights to freedom of speech and expression as it is the backbone for a democratic society. Having the right to express oneself freely without any restrictions is an essential part of what it means to be a free human being. Article 10 in the Federal Constitution states that; (a) every citizen has the right to freedom of speech and expression; (b) all citizens have the right to assemble peaceably and without arms; (c) all citizens have the right to form associations.

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