assignment on circulation of blood

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HW Circulation

Fundamentals of Nursing

Keiser University

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Heather Cole Keiser University Circulation

• Label the heart and explain the blood flow through the heart.  The atria fills with blood from the vena cava and the pulmonary veins. When the atrial muscles contract, pressure builds within the atrial chambers forcing the AV valves to open, and blood is pushed into the ventricle below each atrium. After a brief pause at the AV junction, the ventricular muscle cells begin to contract. The rising pressure forces the AV valves to close and the valves to the pulmonary artery and the aorta open. Blood from the right ventricle is ejected into the pulmonary artery for gas exhange, and blood from the left ventricle enters the aorta for transport to body tissues. (Craven, pg. 976-977)

vena cavaSuperior

atriumRight Tricuspidvalve

Right ventricle vena cavaInferior Intraventricularseptum

Left ventricle Mitral valve

Left atrium

Pulmonary veins

Pulmonic valve

Pulmonary artery

Ascending aorta

open the aortic valve and push the blood volume out into the systemic circulation. (NursingCenter) 5. Describe the arterial and venous circulation?  Arteries are relatively thick-walled, muscular vessels. This characteristic gives them the strength and elasticity that allows them to withstand high pressure of blood that the heart constantly forces into them. The smallest arteries, called arterioles, connect to the capillaries and regulate blood flow into them. The arteries are the primary regulators of blood flow, and they play a key role in the moment-to-moment regulation of blood pressure. The tiny vessels are able to increase pr decrease their diameter to meet local tissue needs. (Craven, pg. 978)  After blood passes through capillaries, it drains into the venules and veins. Veins are less muscular than the arteries and expand more easily. Venules are small at their junction with capillaries. They empty into larger veins, ending in the superior and inferior venae cavae. These vessels return deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation to the heart’s right atrium. (Craven, pg. 978) 6. Describe modifiable and non-modifiable risk factor; discuss 3 modifiable risk factors?  Non-modifiable risk factors include family history, gender, age, and African American ethnicity. Modifiable risk factors include high blood pressure, cigarette and tobacco use, high blood cholesterol, physical inactivity, obesity, diabetes, and stress in daily living. (Craven, pg. 980)  Cigarette smoking has caused more deaths from CVD than lung cancer or COPD. Smoking will increase heart rate and blood pressure, constrict the arterioles, and cause an irregular cardiac rhythm. Smoking also enhances the process of

atherosclerosis and is the major cause of peripheral vascular disease. Smoking will also limit the blood’s oxygen-carrying capacity by displacing oxygen with carbon monoxide. (Craven, pg. 980)  Diabetes predisposes people to CVD due to increased risk of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity and elevated blood sugar. CVD is the leading cause of death in diabetic individuals. (Craven, pg. 981)  Exercise promotes weight reduction and protects the cardiovascular system by raising the “good” (HDL) cholesterol and reduces triglycerides, blood pressure, and resting heart rate. A person who is well-conditioned has a lower risk of heart or circulatory problems than a person who does not exercise. Engaging in regular physical activity decreases the risk of CAD. (Craven, pg. 981) 7. What is Myocardial Infarction (MI)? Describe pathophysiology of MI?  MI happens when there is marked reduction or loss of blood flow through one or more of the coronary arteries, resulting in cardiac muscle ischemia and necrosis. MI is a part of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and results from prolonged myocardial ischemia due to reduced blood flow through one of the coronary arteries. (Nurseslabs) 8. Describe pathophysiology of congestive heart failure (CHF)  CHF is a physiologic state in which the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s metabolic needs following any structural or functional impairment of ventricular filling or ejection of blood. Heart failure results from changes in the systolic or diastolic function of the left ventricle. (Nurseslabs)

o CO = heart rate (HR) x stroke volume (SV)  Heart rate: how many times a heart beats per minute  Stroke volume: amount of blood the heart ejects with each beat  Ischemia o Any reduction in blood flow resulting in decreased oxygen and nutrient supplies to a tissue (Healthgrades).  Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR) o Vascular resistance to the blood flow in peripheral arterial vessels that is typically a function of the internal vessel diameter, vessel length, and blood viscosity (Merriam-Webster). 12. What is Healthy People 2020 and their guidelines for modifiable risk factors for heart to avoid CVD.  Healthy People 2020 is the federal government’s prevention agenda for building a healthier nation. It is a statement of national health objectives designed to identify the most significant preventable threats to health and to establish national goals to reduce these threats. (CDC)  Modifiable risk factors: o High blood pressure o High cholesterol o Cigarette smoking o Diabetes o Unhealthy diet and physical inactivity o Overweight and obesity

Craven, R. F., Hirnle, C. J., & Henshaw, C. M. (2021). Cardiac Function. In Fundamentals of Nursing: Concepts and competencies for Practice (Ninth, pp. 973–1015). essay, Wolters Kluwer.

Merriam-Webster. (n.). Peripheral Vascular Resistance Medical definition . Merriam-Webster. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from merriam-webster/medical/peripheral %20vascular%20resistance.

Healthgrades Editorial Staff. (2021, January 18). Ischemia: Symptoms, causes, treatments . Healthgrades. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from healthgrades/right- care/vascular-conditions/ischemia.

Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. (2020, December 3). Sudden cardiac arrest . Mayo Clinic. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from mayoclinic/diseases-conditions/sudden-cardiac-arrest/symptoms- causes/syc-20350634.

Heart Disease and Stroke . Heart Disease and Stroke | Healthy People 2020. (n.). Retrieved November 1, 2021, from healthypeople/2020/topics- objectives/topic/heart-disease-and-stroke.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014, March 13). Healthy People 2020 . Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved November 1, 2021, from cdc/dhdsp/hp2020.htm.

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2.1 blood circulation

The circulatory system transports blood throughout the body via arteries, veins, and capillaries. Blood carries oxygen, nutrients, waste, and more. The heart pumps blood through four chambers, with deoxygenated blood entering the right side and oxygenated blood leaving the left side, via the pulmonary and systemic circuits. Oxygenated blood leaves the heart through arteries and delivers oxygen to tissues via capillaries before returning to the heart as deoxygenated blood through veins. This process continuously supplies cells and removes wastes. Read less

More Related Content

• 2. Blood circulatory system The function of blood circulatory systems are to: i. Supply oxygen to all body. ii. Eliminate carbon dioxide iii.Transport waste product like carbon dioxide and urea for elimination.
• 3. Artery Vein a) Humans have a close blood circulatory system. b) Blood is carried to the heart by vein blood vessel and pump out from the heart through artery blood vessel.
• 4. Artery Vein Artery – the blood vessel that carries blood out of the heart Vein – the blood vessel that carries blood into the heart Blood capillaries Blood capillaries- Act as connectors that joint the blood vessel of arteries to veins
• 6. CO2 blood O2 blood Go to body
• 7. The heart is a muscular organ which contract and relaxes without stopping to pump and circulate blood to the whole body. he heart has four large chambers: Left atrium Right atrium .Left ventricle .Right ventricle
• 8. Left atrium and right atrium are situated at the upper part of the heart Left ventricle and right ventricle are situated at the lower part of the heart. The space in the atrium is smaller than in the ventricle. The wall of ventricle is thicker and stronger than atrium
• 9. The wall of left ventricle is thicker and more muscular compared to right ventricle. This is because stronger pressure is needed by the left ventricle to pump the blood to our body. The valve in the heart enable blood to flow in one direction only. Blood is prevented from flowing back.
• 11. There are 3 types of valve in the heart: i. Tricuspid valve ii. Bicuspid valve iii.Semi lunar valve The left chamber of the heart contains oxygenated blood The right chamber contains deoxygenated blood.
• 14. TYPE OF VALVE POSITION FUNCTION Tricuspid Between the right atrium and right ventricle Prevents blood in the right ventricle from flowing back to the right atrium Bicuspid Between the left atrium and the left ventricle Prevents blood in the left ventricle from flowing back to the left atrium Semilunar At the base of the pulmonary artery and the aorta Prevents blood leaving the heart from flowing back
• 16. TYPE OF BLOOD VESSEL FUNCTION Pulmonary artery Carries deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs Pulmonary vein Carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. Aorta Carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the whole body. Vena cava Channels deoxygenated blood from all parts of the body to the right atrium. Four blood vessels are connected to the heart:
• 18. Right ventricle S Vena cava Tricuspid Valve Right atrium Left ventricle Bicuspid valve Left atrium Semilunar valve Pulmonary veins Vena cava Aorta Pulmonary artery
• 19. 1. The vena cava caries deoxygenated blood from all the body to the right atrium. 2. When it is filled with blood, the wall of the right atrium will contract and push the blood through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. 3. When the right ventricle is filled with blood, its wall will contract and push the blood through the semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery and go to the lungs.
• 20. 4. Gaseous exchange takes place in the lungs. Carbon dioxide diffused out and oxygen diffused into the blood. 5. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs into the left auricle through the pulmonary vein. 6. The left auricle wall contracts and pushes blood through the bicuspid valve into the left ventricle.
• 21. 7. The contraction of the left ventricle wall pushes blood through the semilunar valve into the aorta. 8. The aorta then carries the blood to the whole body.
• 22. The pathway of blood circulation: Vena cava Right auricle Tricuspid valve Right ventricle Semilunar valve Pulmonary artery Semilunar valve Left ventricle Bicuspid valve Left auricle Pulmonary vein Lungs Aorta Whole body
• 23. Video : Heart 1 Video: Heart 2
• 25. Blood vessels in humans Blood vessels are tubes in the body that channel blood 3 types of blood vessels Artery Vein Blood capillary
• 26. Artery Vein Blood capillary Structure Function Carries blood out of heart Carries blood into the heart Carries blood from artery to vein Type of blood carried Oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) Deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) Oxygenated blood (artery) Deoxygenated blood (vein) Rate of blood flow High pressure blood flow faster Low pressure blood flow slowly Blood flows very slowly to enable diffusion process
• 27. Artery Vein Blood capillary Thickness of blood vessel wall Has thick, muscular and elastic. Has thin less muscular and less elastic. Has porous and thin wall to enable gas exchange Lumen size Small Big Very small Existence of valve No Yes No
• 29. Oxygenated blood Deoxygenated bloodDifference Present Not present High Not present Artery and pulmonary vein Oxygen Carbon dioxide Concentration of digestion food (glucose) Waste product (urea) Blood vessel that carries it Not present Present Very low Present Vein and pulmonary artery
• 30. Deoxygenated blood Vein Artery Blood capillary Oxygenated blood Relationship between artery, vein and blood capillary Cell
• 33. Vena cava and veins Arteries and aorta
• 35. 1. Heart disease is caused by: a. Damage to the valve in the heart b. Failure of the ventricle and atrium muscular wall to contract c. Blockage of blood supply to the heart as a result of cholesterol deposits.
• 36. The importance of maintaining a healthy heart is to a. Avoid contracting heart disease. If serious can cause death b. Ensure that our body cells get enough supply of oxygen