how to find theories in a research paper

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Find the Theory in Your Research Little Quick Fix

• Janet E. Salmons - Free-range Scholar and Methodologist
• Description

One of the most crucial foundational steps in any research project surrounds understanding and choosing an appropriate theory to frame the research question. Theoretical frameworks don’t just impact design, they impact how the entire study is interpreted, contextualized, and discussed. There are lots of resources about epistemologies and ontologies, but most focus on the philosophical and historical dimensions that can quickly overwhelm students. They need something quick that helps them understand the practical connection between theory and the purpose/nature of the study and, more importantly, decide which theory is best suited to their particular study. This Little Quick Fix covers questions like: What is theory? How does theory relate to research design? What is a theoretical framework? What is a theoretical contribution? How do I choose which theory (or theories) fits my research? What practical steps should I take to integrate theory into my research?

Little Quick Fix  titles provide quick but authoritative answers to the problems, hurdles, and assessment points students face in the research course, project proposal, or design—whatever their methods learning is.

• Lively, ultra-modern design;  full-colour, each page a tailored design.
• An hour's read. Easy to dip in and out of with clear navigation enables the reader to find what she needs—quick.
• Direct written style  gets to the point with clear language. Nothing needs to be read twice. No fluff.
• Learning is reinforced through  a 2-minute overview summary; 3-second summaries with super-quick Q&A
• DIY tasks  create a work plan to accomplish a task, do a self-check quiz, solve a problem, get students to what they need to show their supervisor.
• Checkpoints   in each section make sure students are nailing it as they go and support self-directed learning.
• How do I know I’m done?  Each  Little Quick Fix  wraps up with a final checklist that allows the reader to self-assess they’ve got what they need to progress, submit, or ace the test or task.

A brief but focused look at a key aspect of any research.

This book is one of this series which are excellent introductions that all students no matter what their prior experience and knowledge will be able to engage, explore and learn from to support their research as education students, highly recommended.

This is a fantastic little book for students

Nice little guide that focuses on specific issues and are explained in an appealing way for undergraduate students struggling with academic writing and research methods.

It is easy to understand for students studying the foundation of research

All titles in this set are excellent and introduced to all students during their intial induction study day

An excellent and digestible small book that will help students to understand the importance and meaning of situating 'theory' in their research.

I was really excited about a quick, little book that my students could use as a quick start in the subject. However, to be honest, I think it is totally useless and provides no additional value. if you switch a little bit back and forth on wikipedia, you get more insights and help. That is not what I expected...

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Intro & Qu 1: What do researchers mean when they talk about epistemology, ontolo

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Library Guide to Capstone Literature Reviews: Theorists & Theoretical Sources

The role of theory.

Part of your research will include identifying and obtaining original theoretical works, and integrating them into your research to tie your ideas together and keep them grounded in historical context. We understand that it may be challenging to find theories and theorists and track down their original works.  The Library can help!

Here are a couple of resources to help you get started:

• Rocco, T.S. & Plakhotnik, M.S. (2009). Literature reviews, conceptual frameworks, and theoretical frameworks: Terms, functions, and distinctions. Human Resource Development Review, 8 (1), 120-130.

Discover theorists & theories

Discovering theories in a field or subject area is a process that requires exploring many different resources. For instance, you might consult previous course readings, discussions, research, and other background resources.

Get started with encyclopedias

If you're not sure where to start, exploring encyclopedia entries can be a good place to discover theories in your area, and gain background information on the theory and related theorists.

• Discover Theorists & Theories through Encyclopedias & Reference Books Use an encyclopedia's Reader's Guide, Table of Contents, or Index to find information on theories and theorists. Or search the collection or an individual title for a topic or theory.
• Quick Answer: How do I find encyclopedias?

Search in article databases for theories

You can also search in article databases to find articles using a particular theoretical approach for a study. You can either use the name of the theory as a search term, or use the database's subject terms or thesaurus to search on a relevant subject heading.

• Quick Answer: Can I use a database to search for theories?

Need more help?

The Library has an entire guide dedicated to helping you find theorists and theories.

• Theories and Theorists Guide Learn how to search for and identify theorists and their theories.

Conceptual & theoretical frameworks overview

• Purpose of the conceptual/theoretical framework
• What is a theoretical framework?
• What is a conceptual framework?
• Choosing a conceptual or theoretical framework

Researchers create theoretical and conceptual frameworks that include a philosophical and methodological model to help design their work. A formal theory provides context for the outcome of the events conducted in the research. The data collection and analysis are also based on the theoretical and conceptual framework.

As stated by Grant and Osanloo (2014), “Without a theoretical framework, the structure and vision for a study is unclear, much like a house that cannot be constructed without a blueprint. By contrast, a research plan that contains a theoretical framework allows the dissertation study to be strong and structured with an organized flow from one chapter to the next.”

Theoretical and conceptual frameworks provide evidence of academic standards and procedure. They also offer an explanation of why the study is pertinent and how the researcher expects to fill the gap in the literature.

Literature does not always clearly delineate between a theoretical or conceptual framework. With that being said, there are slight differences between the two. 

• Imenda, S. (2014). Is there a conceptual difference between theoretical and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Social Sciences, 38(2), 185-195.

"The theoretical framework is the “blueprint” for the entire dissertation inquiry. It serves as the guide on which to build and support your study, and also provides the structure to define how you will philosophically, epistemologically, methodologically, and analytically approach the dissertation as a whole. Eisenhart defined a theoretical framework as “a structure that guides research by relying on a formal theory…constructed by using an established, coherent explanation of certain phenomena and relationships” (1991, p. 205).

Thus, the theoretical framework consists of the selected theory (or theories) that undergirds your thinking with regards to how you understand and plan to research your topic, as well as the concepts and definitions from that theory that are relevant to your topic. Lovitts (2005) empirically defines criteria for applying or developing theory to the dissertation that must be appropriate, logically interpreted, well understood, and align with the question at hand."

• Grant, C., & Osanloo, A. (2014). Understanding, Selecting, and Integrating a Theoretical Framework in Dissertation Research: Creating the Blueprint for Your" House". Administrative Issues Journal: Education, Practice, and Research, 4(2), 12-26.

"Miles and Huberman (1994) defined a conceptual framework as a visual or written product, one that “explains, either graphically or in narrative form, the main things to be studied—the key factors, concepts, or variables—and the presumed relationships among them” (p. 18).1 Here, I use the term in a broader sense, to refer to the actual ideas and beliefs that you hold about the phenomena studied, whether these are written down or not; this may also be called the “theoretical framework” or “idea context” for the study. A valuable guide to developing a conceptual framework and using this throughout the research process, with detailed analyses of four actual studies, is Ravitch and Riggan, Reason & Rigor: How Conceptual Frameworks Guide Research (2011). (Full disclosure: Sharon Ravitch is a former student of mine, and I wrote the foreword for the book.)

The most important thing to understand about your conceptual framework is that it is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that you plan to study, and of what is going on with these things and why—a tentative theory of the phenomena that you are investigating. The function of this theory is to inform the rest of your design— to help you to assess and refine your goals, develop realistic and relevant research questions, select appropriate methods, and identify potential validity threats to your 3 Conceptual Framework What Do You Think Is Going On? 40 Qualitative Research Design conclusions. It also helps you justify your research."

• Maxwell, J. (2012). Conceptual Framework: What Do You Think Is Going On? In Qualitative research design: an interactive approach. (pp. 39-72). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.

It's very important that the theory aligns with the research question. Consider the following when searching for a theory or conceptual model for the conceptual framework.  

• Critically read peer-reviewed studies related to your topic and identify the theories that the sources found aligned with their studies. After you have read and synthesized numerous peer-reviewed studies related to the topic, you will notice a few theories (or conceptual models) that aligned with several studies.
• Critically read the seminal work on the theories (or conceptual models) that you found in peer-reviewed studies related to your topic. Related studies may be about the concept and not the specific topic. For example, if you are studying how the family-owned wrecking yard leaders succession plan, you could look at studies on leadership training and development in other types of organizations.
• Quantitative . Select the theory or conceptual model that best aligns with the research question and provides an interrelated set of constructs, variables, hypotheses, or propositions that offer an explanation for phenomenon.
• Qualitative . Select the theory or conceptual model that best aligns with the research question.

Content pulled from the DBA Doctoral Study Rubric and Handbook

More information

For more information on theoretical and conceptual frameworks, check out the Library's guide to frameworks!

• Theoretical & Conceptual Frameworks
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Literature Review

How To Identify Theoretical Framework In An Article in 8 Simple Steps

Discover how to identify theoretical framework in an article with our straightforward 8-step guide.

Aug 9, 2024

Are you tired of endless literature search sessions to find the proper theoretical framework for your research paper? Identifying the theoretical framework in an article can be like finding a needle in a haystack. That’s why we’re here to share valuable insights to help you streamline your process. With our tips, you'll be able to identify and understand the theoretical framework in articles efficiently and effectively, making your research paper writing a breeze! Need help finding the theoretical framework in an article? Otio’s AI research and writing partner is here to help. By leveraging the power of AI, Otio can assist you in writing efficient research papers and provide you with fantastic study material, making your academic journey smoother and more rewarding.

Table Of Contents

What is the theoretical framework of an article, why is theoretical framework important, how to tell if an article is conceptual or theoretical framework, how to create a theoretical framework in 7 simple steps, what is an example of a theoretical framework, supercharge your researching ability with otio — try otio for free today.

Understanding the theoretical framework in an article is crucial, especially when navigating complex academic texts. The theoretical framework is the foundation of a study. It offers a rationale for the research, presenting a structured approach to answering specific research questions. When examining a scholarly article, the theoretical framework can provide insight into the background information that supports the investigation.

What is a Theoretical Framework?

In the early stages of a study, the theoretical framework is introduced to offer a conceptual model that guides the research. It can be considered a map that outlines the variables to be measured and the relationships to be understood. In essence, it is the stage where a theory is developed, and the case for researching that theory is built. It aids in understanding the problem being addressed in the study.

Purpose of a Theoretical Framework

The theoretical framework serves as a foundation for the study, justifying the investigation of a specific research problem. Through this model, the researcher can investigate the relationships between variables and understand the meaning behind the survey. It forms a basis for developing specific hypotheses and understanding the significance of the research , giving the reader a clear idea of the nature and direction of the study.

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Developing the theoretical framework helps clarify your implicit theory in a more clearly defined manner. It helps you to consider other possible frameworks and to reduce biases that may sway your interpretation. Consider alternative theories that challenge your perspective as you develop your theoretical framework. You will also consider the limitations of your theory and that other theoretical frameworks could better understand your problem.

The theoretical framework is how you conceptualize the nature of your research problem, its basis, and the analysis you will choose to investigate it. This framework determines how you perceive, make sense of, and interpret your data. Explanation of the theoretical framework helps the reader understand your perspective and context.

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1. Read the Introduction

The theoretical framework is usually introduced early in a research paper, particularly in the introduction or literature review . Look for statements that outline the primary theoretical perspectives or concepts on which the study is based.

2. Examine the Literature Review

The theoretical framework is generally grounded in existing theories, models, or concepts from relevant literature. Focus on how the authors discuss and connect their research to established theories or frameworks.

3. Look for Key Concepts and Variables

Identify the essential concepts, variables, or constructs central to the research study. These elements typically stem from the theoretical framework and aid in structuring the research questions or hypotheses.

4. Check the Methodology Section

The methodology section can provide clues about the theoretical framework utilized in the study. Researchers often explain how the theoretical framework directed their selection of research design, methods, and data analysis techniques.

5. Consider the Research Questions or Hypotheses

The research questions or hypotheses closely align with the theoretical framework. By examining these components, you can gain insights into the theoretical perspectives supporting the study.

6. Consult Citations and References

Pay close attention to the references cited in the paper, particularly those discussing theoretical concepts or frameworks. This can assist in tracing the origins of the theoretical framework and understanding its relevance to the study.

7. Look for Explicit Statements

Researchers sometimes explicitly mention the theoretical framework they are using in the paper. Look for phrases like "based on X theory" or "guided by Y framework" to identify the theoretical perspective.

8. Consider the Research Design and Analysis

Theoretical frameworks often shape the overall research design and analysis approach. Look for connections between the theoretical framework and the methods employed in the study.

When it comes to qualitative research , understanding the differences between conceptual and theoretical frameworks can significantly impact the direction and outcomes of a study. These two frameworks play distinct roles throughout the research process, from the formulation of research questions to data analysis. Let's explore how you can identify and differentiate between a conceptual and theoretical framework in an article.

Inspiration Behind the Research Question

Theoretical frameworks often inspire research questions by drawing on previous theories and understandings of the phenomena under investigation. These frameworks predict how the phenomena may play out or what relationships might exist between variables. On the other hand, conceptual frameworks emerge from the research question itself, providing a structured approach to exploring it.

Role in Data Analysis

While theoretical frameworks guide researchers in interpreting data by informing relevant themes and patterns, conceptual frameworks help identify concepts, variables, and their relationships that will be analyzed. The conceptual framework may include elements from previous theories but can also introduce novel concepts or relationships from the unique study context.

Relationship to Research Question and Design

The main distinction between theoretical and conceptual frameworks is how they relate to the research question and design. The theoretical framework often shapes the research question based on theories and predictions about the phenomena under investigation. In contrast, a conceptual framework develops from the research question, offering a structured investigation approach.

Understanding these differences can help researchers navigate the complexities of qualitative research more effectively. By identifying these frameworks in a study, readers can understand the research process and conclusions drawn from the data. Conceptual and theoretical frameworks guide the research process, from formulating questions to interpreting and analyzing data.

Recognizing the nuances between theoretical and conceptual frameworks in qualitative research can enhance your understanding of research articles and empower you to evaluate the validity and implications of critically presented findings. By pinpointing the role of each framework in a study, you can decipher the research process more effectively and appreciate the complexities involved in qualitative research.

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2. Examine Your Thesis Title and Research Problem

The research problem you choose serves as the foundation for your entire study and shapes the development of your theoretical framework.

3. Brainstorm on Key Variables

Identify the essential variables in your research and consider what elements contribute to the expected outcome.

4. Review Related Literature

Explore existing literature to uncover insights that can address your research question.

5. List Relevant Constructs and Variables

Categorize the variables into independent and dependent groups and define the constructs related to your study.

6. Review Social Science Theories

Evaluate the social science theories introduced in your readings and select the theory or theories that best explain the interrelationships among the variables in your research.

7. Discuss Assumptions of the Chosen Theory

Analyze the assumptions or propositions of the theory you selected and explain how they are pertinent to your research.

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Home » Theoretical Framework – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Theoretical Framework – Types, Examples and Writing Guide

Table of Contents

A theoretical framework provides a structure for research by linking the study to existing theories, concepts, or models. It serves as a lens through which the research problem is examined, offering a foundation for understanding and analyzing data. Theoretical frameworks are crucial in ensuring the study is grounded in established knowledge and contributes meaningfully to the field.

This article explores the definition, types, examples, and a step-by-step writing guide for creating an effective theoretical framework.

Theoretical Framework

A theoretical framework is a conceptual model that defines the key concepts, variables, and their relationships within a study. It provides a foundation for the research by situating it within a broader body of knowledge. The framework connects the research problem, objectives, and hypotheses to established theories or models, ensuring that the study aligns with academic principles.

• A study exploring employee motivation might use Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs as the theoretical framework to analyze factors influencing workplace satisfaction.

Importance of a Theoretical Framework

• Guides Research Design: Helps identify research questions, hypotheses, and methodologies.
• Establishes Relevance: Connects the study to established theories and highlights its contribution to the field.
• Explains Relationships: Provides clarity on how variables interact within the research context.
• Improves Rigor: Ensures the study is grounded in academic principles, enhancing its credibility.
• Enables Comparisons: Facilitates comparisons with other studies using similar theoretical foundations.

Types of Theoretical Frameworks

1. descriptive frameworks.

• Description: Focus on describing phenomena without attempting to explain causes or relationships.
• Use Case: Often used in exploratory research or studies aimed at documenting phenomena.
• Using Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development to describe the challenges faced by adolescents.

2. Explanatory Frameworks

• Description: Seek to explain why and how phenomena occur by establishing causal relationships.
• Use Case: Common in hypothesis-driven research.
• Applying the Theory of Planned Behavior to understand factors influencing recycling habits.

3. Predictive Frameworks

• Description: Aim to predict outcomes based on identified variables and established relationships.
• Use Case: Frequently used in quantitative research.
• Using Expectancy Theory to predict employee performance based on motivation levels.

4. Conceptual Frameworks

• Description: Focus on organizing and integrating concepts from various theories to address a specific research problem.
• Use Case: Useful in multidisciplinary studies.
• Combining theories of technology adoption and user satisfaction to study e-learning platforms.

5. Comparative Frameworks

• Description: Compare different theoretical perspectives to analyze a phenomenon.
• Use Case: Employed in research seeking to contrast various schools of thought.
• Comparing Piaget’s and Vygotsky’s theories of cognitive development in understanding classroom learning.

Examples of Theoretical Frameworks Across Disciplines

1. psychology.

• Framework: Social Cognitive Theory
• Application: Examining how self-efficacy influences academic performance in students.

2. Sociology

• Framework: Conflict Theory
• Application: Analyzing the impact of income inequality on access to education.

3. Education

• Framework: Constructivist Learning Theory
• Application: Exploring the effectiveness of project-based learning in enhancing critical thinking skills.

4. Business

• Framework: Resource-Based View (RBV)
• Application: Studying how internal resources affect a company’s competitive advantage.

5. Healthcare

• Framework: Health Belief Model
• Application: Investigating factors influencing patients’ adherence to prescribed medications.

How to Write a Theoretical Framework

Step 1: identify key concepts.

• Define the main variables or concepts relevant to your research.
• Example: In a study on employee productivity, key concepts might include motivation, job satisfaction, and performance.

Step 2: Review Relevant Literature

• Explore existing theories, models, and studies related to your research problem.
• Example: Reviewing Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory for insights into workplace motivation.

Step 3: Choose an Appropriate Theory

• Select a theory that aligns with your research objectives and provides a clear framework for analysis.
• Example: Using the Theory of Planned Behavior for a study on healthy eating habits.

Step 4: Define Relationships

• Explain how the variables in your study are related based on the chosen theory.
• Example: Hypothesizing that increased job satisfaction leads to higher productivity, guided by Maslow’s theory.

Step 5: Justify the Framework

• Explain why the selected theory is suitable for your research.
• Example: “Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs is chosen because it comprehensively addresses the motivational factors affecting employee behavior.”

Step 6: Visualize the Framework (Optional)

• Create a conceptual diagram or flowchart showing the relationships between variables.
• Example: A chart linking motivation to productivity through variables like incentives and work environment.

Step 7: Write the Framework

• Present the theoretical framework in a structured format, typically in the literature review or methodology section.

Sample Theoretical Framework Section

Study Topic: Factors Influencing E-Learning Adoption Among College Students

Framework: This study employs the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to examine the adoption of e-learning platforms among college students. According to TAM, two primary factors influence technology adoption: perceived ease of use (PEOU) and perceived usefulness (PU).

• Perceived Ease of Use: Refers to the degree to which students believe the platform is user-friendly.
• Perceived Usefulness: Represents the extent to which students perceive the platform as enhancing their learning experience.

These factors interact with external variables such as prior technological exposure and accessibility. By applying TAM, the study aims to identify barriers to e-learning adoption and provide recommendations for improving platform design and usability.

Tips for Writing a Strong Theoretical Framework

• Be Concise: Focus on the key theories and concepts directly relevant to your study.
• Ensure Clarity: Clearly define how the theory applies to your research problem.
• Use Credible Sources: Reference original works or reputable studies to support your framework.
• Visualize Relationships: Use diagrams or flowcharts to illustrate connections between variables.
• Adapt as Necessary: Modify or combine theories to suit the specific needs of your research.

Common Mistakes to Avoid

• Lack of Focus: Including unrelated or overly broad theories can dilute the framework’s impact.
• Poor Justification: Failing to explain why the chosen theory is relevant.
• Overcomplication: Using too many theories or concepts without clear connections.
• Ignoring Alternatives: Not considering other theories that could explain the phenomenon.
• Weak Integration: Failing to link the framework to research objectives or hypotheses.

The theoretical framework is a critical component of research, providing a structured foundation for analyzing and interpreting data. By identifying relevant theories, defining key concepts, and explaining their relationships, researchers can ensure their study is grounded in established knowledge. Following the types, examples, and writing guide outlined here, you can create a robust theoretical framework that enhances the clarity, credibility, and impact of your research.

• Creswell, J. W. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches . Sage Publications.
• Bryman, A. (2015). Social Research Methods . Oxford University Press.
• Kumar, R. (2019). Research Methodology: A Step-by-Step Guide for Beginners . Sage Publications.
• Maxwell, J. A. (2013). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach . Sage Publications.
• Glanz, K., Rimer, B. K., & Viswanath, K. (2015). Health Behavior: Theory, Research, and Practice . Jossey-Bass.

About the author

Muhammad Hassan

Researcher, Academic Writer, Web developer

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